What is the application status and development trend of BIM?

First, the concept and characteristics of BIM

Since 1975, ChuckEastman put forward the concept of building description system (BDS), the concept of BIM technology has developed rapidly. The concept of BIM was first popularized in the United States, and then actively promoted in Europe, Japan, Singapore and other countries.

Citing the definition of BIM in American National BIM Standard (NBIMS), BIM has three meanings:

1.BIM is a digital expression of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility (construction project);

2.BIM is a knowledge resource shared by * *, and it is a process of information sharing about this facility, which provides a reliable basis for all decision-making in the whole life cycle of this facility from construction to demolition;

3. At different stages of the project, different stakeholders support and reflect the collaborative work of their respective responsibilities by * *, extracting, updating and modifying in BIM.

According to the definition of BIM, combined with engineering construction practice, it is concluded that BIM has the following five characteristics:

1. visualization; 2. coordination; 3. simulation; 4. Optimality; 5. Plotability.

Second, the application status of BIM

1, International BIM Application Development

The United States is an early country in the research of construction industry, and the research and application of BIM are in the forefront of the world. According to McGraw Hill's research. In 20 12, the proportion of BIM acceptance in engineering construction increased from 28% in 2007 to 7 1% in 20 12. Among them, 74% of the contractors are already implementing BIM, surpassing the builders (70%) and mechanical engineers (67%).

20 1 1, BCA Singapore has established demonstration projects in cooperation with some government departments. BCA will submit BIM models of buildings (from 20 13) and structures and machines (from 20 14) by force, and all projects with a building area of more than 5,000 square meters must submit BIM model targets before 20 15. BCA set up a BIM fund project of S $6 million on 20 10 to encourage universities in Singapore to offer BIM courses, organize BIM intensive courses for graduates and set up BIM professional degrees for professionals.

20 10 April, Korea Public Procurement Service Center (PPS) released the BIM roadmap, including: 20 10 year, BIM was applied to 1-2 large-scale projects; 20 1 1, BIM is applied to 3-4 large-scale engineering projects; 2012-201550 million won or more large-scale engineering projects are all accepted for 4D? BIM technology (3D+ cost management); Before 20 16, BIM technology was applied to all public projects. 20 10, 10 In February, PPS issued the BIM Application Guide for Facility Governance to guide the application of BIM in preliminary design, construction drawing design and construction, and updated it in April, 20 12. 20 10, 1, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Ocean Affairs of Korea issued BIM application guidelines in the construction field, and BIM application guidelines in the civil field have also been established.

Since 2006, the Hong Kong Housing Department has taken the lead in piloting building models. In order to successfully implement BIM, Hong Kong Housing Department has formulated its own design criteria and standards, such as BIM standards, user guides, database construction, etc. These materials effectively create a good environment for model building, document management and communication between users. In June 2009, 165438+ 10, the Hong Kong Housing Department issued BIM application standards. It is estimated that 20 14-20 15 BIM technology will cover all projects of the Hong Kong Housing Department.

As early as 2007, Taiwan Province Provincial University signed a Industry-University-Research cooperation agreement with Autodesk, focusing on building model (BIM) and dynamic engineering model design. In 2009, the Department of Civil Engineering of Taiwan Province Provincial University established the Research Center of Engineering Simulation and Governance, and cooperated with the Research and Development Center of Engineering Law of Tamkang University to publish the model contract for the application of architectural models in engineering projects. The Department of Civil Engineering of Kaohsiung University of Applied Science and Technology also established the Research Center for Engineering Integration and Simulation (BIM) on 20 1 1.

In May of 20 1 1 year, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Outline of Construction Industry Development, and in June of 2011year and 201year, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued and formulated the Engineering Construction Standards. In the early stage, some universities and research institutes have also made a lot of explorations in BIM research. For example, through research, referring to NBIMS and combining with investigation, Tsinghua University put forward CBIMS (Building Model Scale Framework of China). With the attention of enterprises from all walks of life to BIM, the demand for BIM talent training in colleges and universities has gradually increased, and departments have set up master of engineering training in BIM direction.

2. Application status of domestic enterprises

Although the application of BIM in China has just started, it has developed rapidly. Many enterprises have a strong sense of BIM, and a number of benchmarking projects for BIM applications have emerged. At the same time, the development of BIM is gradually promoted by the government.

At present, the main contents of BIM application in design enterprises are:

1. Scheme design: BIM technology can be used for modeling, volume and space analysis, energy consumption analysis and building analysis, making the initial scheme decision more scientific;

2. Initial expansion design: BIM model is established for architecture, structure, machinery and other majors, and the model is used to analyze energy consumption, structure, acoustics, thermal engineering and sunshine. , all kinds of interference inspection and standard inspection, engineering statistics;

3. Construction drawing: obtain various plane, indoor, section and statistical reports from BIM model;

4. Design collaboration: There are dozens or even dozens of specialties in design that need collaboration, including design scheme, cross-reference, proofreading and verification, version control, etc.

5. The focus of design work has moved forward: At present, more than 50% of designers' workload is spent in the construction drawing stage. BIM can help designers put their main work in the scheme and expansion stage, so that designers can focus on creative work in their design work.

At present, the main contents of BIM application in construction enterprises are:

1, collision inspection, reducing rework. Using the three-dimensional technology of BIM to check the collision in the early stage can intuitively solve the conflict of spatial relationship, optimize the engineering design, reduce the possible mistakes and rework in the construction stage, and optimize the clearance and pipeline layout scheme. Finally, the constructors can use the optimized collision scheme for construction disclosure and construction simulation, so as to improve the construction quality and the ability to communicate with the owners.

2. Simulated construction and effective coordination. Three-dimensional visualization function plus time dimension can be used to simulate the construction progress. Compare the construction plan with the actual progress intuitively and quickly at any time and place, and cooperate effectively at the same time, so that the project participants know all kinds of problems and situations of the project like the back of their hands. Thereby reducing the problems of building quality and tranquility, and reducing rework and rectification. Using BIM technology to cooperate can make interaction more efficient and speed up the turnover efficiency of feedback and communication after decision-making. Using the modular method, after the BIM of one project is established, the next project can be similarly referenced to realize knowledge accumulation, and the same work is only done once.

3, three-dimensional renderings, publicity and display. Three-dimensional rendering animation can give customers a sense of substitution through virtual reality, give people a realistic and direct visual impact, and cooperate with bidding demonstration and construction stage to adjust the implementation plan. The BIM model can be used as the model basis of secondary rendering development, which improves the accuracy and efficiency of 3D rendering effect, gives owners more intuitive publicity and introduction, and improves the probability of winning the bid in the bidding stage.

4, knowledge management, keep the simulation process can obtain the knowledge and skills that are not easy to accumulate in the construction, and make it become the knowledge base content accumulated by the construction unit for a long time.

At present, the application of BIM in the operation and maintenance stage mainly includes:

1, space governance. Spatial governance is mainly used for the spatial positioning of lighting, fire fighting and other systems and equipment. Get the spatial position of each system and equipment, and turn the original numbers or characters into three-dimensional graphic positions, which is intuitive and convenient to find.

2. Facilities management. It mainly includes the decoration, space planning, maintenance and operation of facilities. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted a study in 2004, and found that owners and operators spent nearly two-thirds of the total cost on the continuous operation and maintenance of facilities. The characteristic of BIM technology is that it can provide coordinated and computable construction projects, so it is worth enjoying and reusing, and owners and operators can reduce the cost loss caused by lack of interoperability. In addition, the main equipment can be controlled remotely.

3, take cover engineering management. In the architectural design stage, there will be some hidden pipelines that the construction unit does not pay attention to, or these materials may be in a corner, only a few people know. Especially with the increase of the service life of buildings, people flow frequently, and these security risks become increasingly prominent, sometimes directly leading to tragedies. The operation and maintenance based on BIM technology can deal with complex underground pipe networks, such as sewage pipes, drainage pipes, pipe network lines, pipelines and related pipe wells, and can directly obtain the relative position relationship on the map. During reconstruction or secondary decoration, the existing pipe network position can be avoided, which is convenient for pipe network maintenance, equipment replacement and positioning. Internal related personnel can enjoy these projects and adjust them at any time to ensure completeness and accuracy.

4. Emergency treatment. There will be no blind spots in governance based on BIM technology. Public buildings, large buildings and high-rise buildings, etc. As an area where people gather, it has a very important ability to deal with emergencies. Traditional emergency treatment only focuses on response and rescue, while the operation and maintenance management of BIM technology includes prevention, alarm and treatment. Through bim system, we can quickly locate the location of facilities and equipment, instead of looking for them in the vast ocean of drawings. If it is not handled in time, it will lead to great disaster.

5, energy conservation and emission reduction governance. Through the application of BIM combined with Internet of Things technology, daily energy governance monitoring becomes more convenient. By installing electricity meters, water meters and gas meters with sensing functions, basic functions such as real-time collection, transmission, preliminary analysis and fixed-point uploading of building energy consumption data can be realized, which has strong expansibility. The system can also realize remote monitoring of indoor temperature and humidity, analyze indoor real-time temperature and humidity changes, and cooperate with energy-saving operation management. In the management system, all energy can be collected in time, and energy consumption can be actively analyzed through the developed energy management function module, such as daily consumption and weekly consumption of each region and family, and abnormal energy use can be warned or marked.

3. Problems in 3.BIM application

BIM has also encountered some problems and difficulties in practice, mainly in four aspects:

One is in BIM application software. At present, there are many BIM software on the market, but most of them are used in the design and bidding stage, and the application software in the construction stage is relatively scarce. Most BIM software mainly meets single application, and there are few highly integrated BIM application systems, especially the integrated application with project management system. In addition, market competition and technical barriers among software vendors make data integration and data interaction between software difficult, which restricts the application and development of BIM.

Second, in terms of BIM data scale. With the popularization and application of BIM technology, data islands and data exchange difficulties are widespread. As an international standard, the application and promotion of IFC data scale in China is not ideal, and the research of foreign standards in China is also weak, especially the work of scale expansion combined with the actual construction projects in China. In the process of practical application, we need not only the same technical standards as IFC, but also the application standardization in professional fields.

The third is the application mode of BIM. On the one hand, there are many special applications of BIM, but few integrated applications, and few integrated and collaborative applications of BIM, especially those combined with the project governance system; On the other hand, a perfect model can connect the data, processes and resources in different stages of the life cycle of a construction project, and provide an integrated governance and collaborative work environment for all parties involved in the construction project. However, due to their own interests, all parties involved in the construction are unwilling to provide BIM models, cooperation, accuracy and transparency, which virtually creates obstacles for the in-depth application and promotion of BIM.

The fourth is in terms of BIM talents. BIM practitioners should not only master BIM tools and concepts, but also have corresponding engineering majors or practical scenarios. They should not only master one or two BIM softwares, but also make BIM application plans and schemes according to the actual needs of enterprises. This kind of compound BIM talents is quite scarce in China construction enterprises.

Third, the development of BIM scale at home and abroad

Local organizations in the United States have formulated relevant BIM standards. For example, in 2006, the American General Contractors Association issued the Guide to the Use of BIM for Contractors. In 2008, American Institute of Architects issued BIM contract clause E202-2008 "BIM Agreement Exhibition"; In 2009, the University of Los Angeles formulated the BIM implementation scale "Laccdbuildingformation modeling standard designed -BidbuildProjects" for the DBB engineering mode.

In addition, Britain released "AEC BIM Standard" in 2009; 20 10 BIM implementation scale based on Revit platform-"AEC (UK) BIM standard for Autodesk revit" was further released. 20 1 1 BIM implementation standard based on Bentley platform-"bimstandard for Bentley Architecture AEC (UK)" was released. In 2009, Norway also released BIMManual 1. 1, 20 1 1 and BIMManual 1.2.

Some Asian countries, such as Singapore, published SingaporeBIMGuide in 20 12. On the Korean side, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Oceans of Korea promulgated the BIM application guide in the construction field on June 20 10. 20 10 March, Korea Virtual Architecture Research Institute formulated BIM application design guide -3D architectural design guide; 20 10 10 in February, TEDA office of Korea released the basic guide of BI application in Korean facility industry-BIM guide for buildings.

In order to better apply BIM technology, many foreign governments have formulated specific technical policies, and the United States stipulated specific policies for the first time as early as 2003. In order to improve the production efficiency in the construction field and support the improvement of the building level, the General Affairs Administration (GSA) of the United States launched the national 3D-4D-BIM plan, encouraged all GSA projects to adopt 3D-4D-BIM technology, and gave different degrees of financial support. In July 2009, Wisconsin became the first state government to require BIM to be used in the state's new large-scale public building projects. The Wisconsin Facilities Department issued implementation rules, requiring all public building projects in the state with a budget of more than $5 million to apply BIM technology from the beginning of design.

In addition, the Construction Bureau under the Korea Public Procurement Service Center formulated the BIM implementation guide and road map in 20 10, which stipulated that BIM should be applied in a small scale first, and then the application scale should be gradually expanded, so as to try to adopt the 3D+ cost design management system in all construction projects with more than 50 billion won in 20 12-20 15. By 2065438,

Australia has also formulated a national BIM action plan. 20 12 in June, Australia's buildingSMART organization released the national BIM action plan entrusted by Australian industry and other departments. Develop a "national BIM blueprint" in order of priority. Firstly, a new procurement contract form supporting collaborative and model-based procurement is stipulated. Secondly, the BIM application guide is stipulated. Third, BIM technology is listed as one of them. The fourth regulatory data and BIM library. The fifth standard process and data exchange. Sixth, review laws and regulations. Seventh, carry out demonstration projects and encourage demonstration projects to demonstrate and test the achievements of the above six plans in order to promote them in an all-round way.

China started early in BIM research. 1998, domestic professionals first contacted and studied IFC standards. In 2000, IAI took the lead in contacting relevant government departments and scientific research institutions, which enabled us to fully understand IAI's objectives, organizational rules and the application of IFC standards. IFC scale draws lessons from the technology of STEP scale of international data scale, which is advanced and open in technology.

From 200/kloc-0 to 2000, the National 863 Plan put forward the "scale of digital community expression and exchange", which is actually a computer-readable scale of community data expression and exchange based on IFC scale, providing the necessary mechanism and definition for community expression and exchange. Based on the actual situation of architecture in China, this paper discusses the practical engineering application of IFC scale and the problems that need to be expanded. There are three main things: the first is to study the IFC standard, the second is to develop a CAD system based on this standard, and the third is to establish a 4D construction management system based on IFC.

Construction should have a data system framework, and the system should be built and stored by IFC scale. At the same time, the green building design support software system. On 20/2009-20 10/0, Tsinghua University and Autodesk jointly carried out the "Research on BIM Scale Framework in China" and also participated in the cooperation projects of the European Union. It has a research project of European scale unification in the field of architecture, which is actually to study the applicability of IFC scale in the whole construction industry chain, and has formed a major research group. The first scheme is to unify the application scale of large-scale construction engineering model; The second is to formulate the basic scale, style model storage and coding scale; The third is the scale of style implementation, which is to formulate the scale of architectural engineering design and the scale of application of manufacturing engineering design model.

Shanghai Shentong Metro Group issued the BIM Application Series Standards for Urban Rail Transit in September, 20 14, including five volumes, namely, Guide to Building Model Modeling of Rail Transit Engineering, Delivery Scale, Applied Technology Scale, Family Creation Scale and Facilities Classification Coding Scale.

On may 4th, 20 15, Shenzhen Ministry of Public Works issued the first BIM standard for government public projects in China: BIM application outline and BIM implementation governance standard for government public projects, including BIM application status and demand, the necessity of implementing BIM in government projects, the guiding ideology of BIM application, BIM application demand analysis, BIM application objectives, BIM application implementation content, BIM application safeguard measures and BIM technology application.

In 20 14, Guangzhou Metro established the enterprise-level BIM standard of Guangzhou Metro through the enterprise-level BIM consulting project cooperated with Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., which will be upgraded to Cheng Guangdong BIM standard, and is currently in the application process.

Fourth, the application trend of BIM technology

The future development of BIM technology must be combined with advanced communication technology and computer technology to improve the efficiency of construction projects. The following development trends are expected:

First, the application of mobile terminals. With the popularity of the Internet and mobile intelligent terminals, people can now get them at any place and at any time. In the field of architectural design, many contractors will equip their employees with these mobile devices, and they can design on the job site.

Second, the popularity of wireless sensor networks. Now, monitors and sensors can be placed anywhere in the building to monitor the temperature, air quality and humidity in the building. Then, add heating and ventilation. Water supply and other controls. After these are summarized by wireless sensor networks, engineers can have a comprehensive and sufficient understanding of the current situation of buildings, thus providing effective decision-making basis for design and construction schemes.

Third, the application of cloud computing technology. Whether it is energy consumption or structural analysis, some processing and analysis need the powerful computing power of cloud computing. Even our rendering and analysis process can realize real-time calculation, helping designers to compare different designs and solutions as soon as possible.

Fourth, digital reality capture. This technology, through laser scanning, can scan bridges, highways, railways, etc., and obtain early data. Future designers can use this immersive interactive way to work in 3D space, and intuitively show the future development.

Fifth, collaborative project delivery. BIM is a workflow and a technology based on changing the design mode, which changes the implementation method of the whole project. It is a process of cooperation among designers, contractors and owners, and everyone has his own very valuable views and ideas.

Therefore, if these people can be present through shared BIM and be present throughout the life cycle of the project, then BIM can achieve its greatest value. The application of BIM in China is in its infancy, and words such as green and environmental protection have almost become universal requirements. Especially in architectural design, designers are no longer satisfied with completing the design task, but pay more attention to whether the whole project meets the requirements of high efficiency and energy saving from design to later implementation, expecting to create value from more comprehensive fields.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion

BIM system provides a large amount of data for the production and management of the project for further processing and reuse. The effective management and utilization of these massive big data needs the support of data management system. At the same time, BIM system handles large models and big data generated by complex business, which puts forward higher requirements for computing power and low-cost mass data storage capacity. Decentralized projects, strong mobility of personnel and complex site environment are the main reasons that restrict the popularization and application of construction. With the development of technology and communication technology, BIM technology will eventually enter the era of mobile applications.

Therefore, the future goal of BIM is very clear:

1. Further refine the division of design and design roles.

2. Realize the embedded combination of collaborative design system, project management system and communication system in three-dimensional environment.

3. Completely combine the resource and spatial model to form a complete architecture model.

4. The complete building model extends forward to further improve the technical level of virtual reality; The complete building model extends backward, which promotes the improvement of building level and property management level, and runs through the service life of the building with a unified model to realize the whole life cycle management.

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