Hemudu Culture

Early Neolithic site in southern China, a national key cultural relic protection unit. Located in the northeast of Hemudu Village, Luojiang Township, Yuyao City, with an area of about 40,000 square meters, excavation began on 1973.

Let's talk about the new era:

Neolithic Age (Neolithic Age)

Archaeologically, this is the last stage of the Stone Age. The development stage of human material culture is marked by the use of grinding stone tools (see stone tools). This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age and developed after the Paleolithic Age or the transition of the Mesolithic Age, belonging to the late Stone Age. The s began about 6.5438+0 million years ago, and the ending time ranged from more than 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ago.

Basic characteristics and stages

It is generally believed that there are three basic characteristics in the Neolithic age: the beginning of manufacturing and using grinded stone tools; Invented pottery; Agriculture and animal husbandry have emerged. Some scholars especially emphasize the significance of the origin of agriculture, which is regarded as the main feature of the Neolithic Age or the main content of the Neolithic Revolution. The development path of this era is very different in the world. Some places did not have pottery for a long time after agriculture came into being, so they were called pre-pottery Neolithic Age or pottery-free Neolithic Age. Pottery appeared in some places 1 10,000 years ago, but there was no trace of agriculture, and even the ground stone tools were underdeveloped. Therefore, it is not necessary for all three features to be complete in order to be called the Neolithic Age.

Because the Neolithic situation in different places is very inconsistent, there is no unified staging standard. In some places, there are two periods in the morning and evening, while in others, there are three periods in the morning, middle and evening. Some people listed a Bronze Stone Age as a transitional period from Neolithic Age to Bronze Age. A small number of bronzes appeared in the late period of this period, but they could not consciously make bronze alloys. Others classify this stage as the late Neolithic period.

Neolithic Age in Different Places

The Neolithic Age in West Asia, North Africa and West Asia in Europe developed earlier, and the archaeological research was also deeper. This is the area with the earliest origin of agriculture, followed by the earliest appearance of metal utensils and the earliest entry into civilization, which occupies a very important position in the history of world culture.

West Asia first entered the Neolithic Age in the Levant (now Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria), Anatolia (now Turkey) and Piedmont in Zagros Mountain, which is the so-called crescent zone of agricultural origin. This area has a typical Mediterranean climate, with rainy and humid winters and hot and dry summers. There are wild grains suitable for farming and animals that are easy to domesticate. From the Paleolithic Age to the Mesolithic Age, the development of culture had a considerable foundation, so it became the earliest area where agriculture and animal husbandry appeared. About 9000 ~ 8000 BC, it entered the primitive Neolithic age, and there was the bud of agriculture and animal husbandry. From 8000 BC to 7000 BC, it entered the pre-pottery Neolithic Age or the non-pottery Neolithic Age. Wheat, barley, lentils and peas were planted, and sheep and goats were raised. Some sites also have pig bones. Jericho site is a typical site in this period, and semi-basement houses built of adobe have been seen. There are stone walls and trenches outside the village, and there are stone towers inside the walls. This is the earliest similar product in the world. From 7000 BC to around 6000 BC, all parts of West Asia successively entered or developed the Neolithic Age with pottery and Neolithic tools. The earliest pottery can be called pottery, with extremely low temperature; Later, there were plain gray-brown pottery with a thick fetus, and finally painted pottery appeared. At this time, agriculture has been further developed, and some places have irrigated agriculture. Houses are generally multi-room and flat-topped, and some rooms have cow head statues. From about 6000 BC to 5000 BC, there were bronzes in some sites here (the copper needles made by cold forging in some sites can reach as early as 7500 BC), and they entered the bronze age.

During its development, the Neolithic culture in West Asia had an obvious influence on the surrounding areas, one was to spread to the Nile valley in North Africa, and the other was to expand to the southeast of Europe. The Neolithic culture in the Nile valley can be divided into three stages, from the early stage, it is the stage of pottery and Neolithic utensils. Neolithic culture in other parts of North Africa can be divided into three systems: Saharan Neolithic culture, Mediterranean Neolithic culture and Kapsa traditional Neolithic culture. In Greece, Crete, and even Crimea on the northern shore of the Black Sea in Europe, there are Neolithic cultures in the pre-pottery era. Since the appearance of pottery, southern Europe is mainly printed pottery culture, while the Danube River basin is full of pottery culture. Painted pottery culture appeared in these areas since they entered the Bronze Stone Age (see Terry Paulier-Ku Coutney Culture). However, in the northern part of Eastern Europe, in the Neolithic Age, the small nest grate pottery culture was popular.

Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia Central Asia entered the Neolithic Age from about 6000 BC to 5000 BC, represented by Tong Zhe culture. This culture is distributed in Turkmenistan. Most of the stone tools have inherited the local traditions of the Middle Stone Age, and there are many exquisite stone tools. At the same time, new stone axes and grain grinders appeared. Wheat and barley were planted and goats were raised. Pottery is hand-made, with grass powder mixed in the tire, and some painted pottery besides plain noodles. From the overall cultural outlook, it is obviously influenced by the Neolithic culture in West Asia. The Neolithic culture in northern Central Asia is relatively late, and its representative is the Kerger Minar culture, which dates from about 4000 BC to 2000 BC. The economy is dominated by fishing, hunting and gathering. Pottery is decorated with scratches or marks, and painted pottery is rare.

The early Neolithic culture in the South Asian subcontinent began around 6000 BC and distributed in Baluchistan and Indus River basins. Residents grow wheat and barley and raise sheep, goats and cattle. It was not until around 4500 BC that pottery appeared, and soon painted pottery appeared. He entered the Bronze Stone Age around 3500 BC.

In Southeast Asia, Indonesia and other places, there is a Neolithic culture that mainly grows potatoes and taro, but no real agricultural economy has been developed.

North Asia, Northeast Asia and Japan are the earliest areas where pottery appeared in the world. There are also some sites in Mongolia and Siberia where the pottery age is close to 1 10,000 years. However, the grinding stone tools in this area are not very developed, and agriculture appeared very late, which is just the opposite of the situation in West Asia. The pottery in this area has a similar feature, that is, cylindrical cans are particularly popular, generally taupe, decorated with carved or embossed patterns. In Japan, there are many rope patterns on pottery, so the Neolithic age in Japan is also called the rope pattern age. Pottery in North Korea and Siberia is often ground.

Influenced by the Neolithic culture in northeast China, North Korea developed dryland agriculture and planted millet as early as 4000 BC. From 3000 BC to 2000 BC, millet was also planted in eastern Mongolia to raise cattle, sheep and other livestock. Japan's agriculture developed rapidly after 1000 BC because of the influence of the mainland. Siberia has always been dominated by fishing, hunting and gathering economy.

In prehistoric archaeology in America, Oceania and south-central Africa, the concept of Neolithic Age is usually not used. However, if measured by the standards of old world archaeology, there is still Neolithic culture there. America was basically in the Neolithic Age before the arrival of European colonists. Even if the Mayan kingdom with a high degree of civilization was established (see Mayan civilization), metal utensils were basically not used. The United States is an important agricultural producing area, where corn was first planted, as well as beans and pumpkins, which Indians call the three sisters. There is only one kind of livestock, camel. Oceania was still in the stage of hunting and gathering economy before the colonists entered, and could not make pottery, so the boundary between Paleolithic and Neolithic there was not obvious. In the Neolithic Age in south-central Africa, stone tools were still made and potatoes were planted, which was somewhat similar to that in Southeast Asia.

China, China entered the Neolithic Age about/kloc-0.0 million years ago. Due to the vast territory and different natural geographical environment, the Neolithic culture is also very different, which can be roughly divided into three economic and cultural areas: ① Dry land agricultural economic and cultural areas, including the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Liaohe River and Haihe River basin, which originated from dry farming such as millet and millet, and began to raise pigs and dogs very early, and then began to raise cattle and sheep. (2) The economic and cultural area of rice farming, mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Agriculture in Lingnan area has been underdeveloped, and the fishing and hunting economy occupies a relatively important position, which can be divided into a sub-region. Rice was planted very early in this area, which is an important origin of rice farming. In the early days, pigs and dogs were raised, and later buffalo and sheep were raised one after another. (3) Hunting and gathering economic and cultural areas, including most of the northeast north of the Great Wall, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, account for about two-thirds of the country. Except for a few places, there is basically no agriculture in this area, microliths are particularly developed and rarely grind stone tools, and pottery is not very developed.

Except for the third area, which is difficult to be divided into stages due to lack of archaeological work, the first two areas can be roughly divided into four stages: the early stage, about 10000 BC to 7000 BC, was dominated by caves in South China and shell mound, with a small amount of ground stone tools and pottery, agriculture sprouted and pigs were raised in some places. In the middle period, from about 7000 BC to 5000 BC, magnetic mountain culture and other places in northern China had developed dry land agriculture, planted millet and raised pigs, and developed grinding stone tools and pottery; Pengtoushan culture in central China (see Pengtoushan site) has planted rice, pigs and buffaloes, but there are few ground stone tools and relatively developed pottery. In the late period, from about 5000 BC to 3500 BC, Yangshao culture and Dawenkou culture were the main cultures in North China. With the further development of agriculture, large-scale settlements have emerged, such as Banpo and Jiangzhai (see Banpo Culture and Jiangzhai Site). There were many people buried together for the second time, and the development of painted pottery was a major feature. Central China is mainly Hemudu culture and Daxi culture. Hemudu culture is rich in paddy farm tools, such as rice stalks and bones. In Daxi culture, rice husk is often mixed into the soil during construction, and a large number of rice husk is also mixed into the side wall of pottery, which shows that rice farming has developed greatly. The last period is the Bronze Stone Age (excluding the Neolithic Age), which is about 3500 ~ 2000 years ago. At this time, North China is mainly Shandong Longshan culture and Henan Longshan culture, while Central China is mainly Liangzhu culture and Shijiahe culture. At this time, small bronzes have generally appeared, with central settlements and the earliest city sites, such as Ziya City Site in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province, Pingliangtai Ancient City in Huaiyang, Henan Province, Shijiahe in Tianmen, Hubei Province, and Chengtou Mountain in Lixian County, Hunan Province. In the construction, a large area of partition buildings appeared, and white ash and adobe were used to clean the floor and build walls. Wheel system is widely used in pottery, a large number of exquisite jade articles appear, and cymbals, cymbals and other weapons in stone tools increase obviously. Burials are polarized, and there are often coffins in big tombs, rich and exquisite funerary objects; Small tombs have no funerary objects, and most of them have no funerary objects. In Liangzhu culture, there are even large-scale artificial noble graves. This increase in material wealth and polarization between the rich and the poor and social status indicate the arrival of a civilized society.

There are four continuous cultural layers in the site, of which the third and fourth layers are the earliest Neolithic cultural layers found in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coast, about 6000-7000 years ago. Unearthed cultural relics are very rich in content, including a large number of relics of artificially planted rice, wooden building components with tenons and eggs, and thousands of pottery and bone utensils, which are engraved with relatively fine decorative patterns.

The mortise and tenon found in the site is the earliest mortise and tenon found in ancient wooden structures in China. Among the animal bones, there are the bones of pigs, dogs and buffaloes raised artificially, among which the number of pig bones is the largest. The remains of artificially cultivated rice are the earliest crops discovered in China so far. According to previous international documents, India is the origin of Asian rice. However, the earliest Indian rice was found in Lutar, central China. According to C 14, its age is BC 1700, which is 3000 years later than the rice unearthed in Hemudu site. The most interesting thing is the bone whistle, which can still blow out beautiful sounds. The discovery of a large number of cultural relics in Hemudu site proves that as early as 6000-7000 years ago, there was a relatively developed primitive culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which, like the Yellow River Basin, was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization.

Hemudu Culture

Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Hemudu Site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province was first discovered, so it was named 1976. It is mainly distributed in the Ning (Bo) Shao (Xing) Plain on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay, facing Zhoushan Island across the sea. According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is about 5000 ~ 3300 BC. The discovery and establishment of Hemudu culture expanded the research field of Neolithic archaeology in China, indicating that splendid and ancient Neolithic culture also existed in the Yangtze River basin.

At present, the only large-scale excavation of this culture is Hemudu Site. Under the auspices of Zhejiang Cultural Management Committee and Zhejiang Museum, two excavations were conducted in 1973 ~ 1974 and 1977 ~ 1978 respectively. 1982 the State Council was declared as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In addition, the late Hemudu cultural remains have been found in Chen Jiao, Yinxian, Zhejiang, Baziqiao, Zhoushan, Bai Quan, Daju and other places.

Cultural characteristics

Pottery is mainly carbon black pottery, sand red pottery and red gray pottery. In addition to plain pottery, it is also popular to cross-print rope patterns on the bottom of pots. The wide side of pottery is often engraved with geometric patterns such as parallel stripes, waves, circles, leaves and ears, and occasionally painted pottery with dark brown patterns on a white background. With a flat bottom and a bottom cover as the main body. Representative utensils are kettle, kettle, bowl with handle, wide-brimmed saucer, hanging bag, foot and so on. The pottery pot used for supporting feet has always been the main cooker of Hemudu culture. Bone tools are very rich, especially in the early days, the number of bone tools far exceeded the sum of stone tools, wood products, pottery and other tools. As far as we know, it is unique to the Neolithic culture in China. The woodwork is exquisite and diverse. Trapezoidal asymmetric blade stone axe, arch-backed thick-body stone hairpin, bone chisel, inclined collar bone chisel, tubular bone needle, bone whistle, wooden spear and wooden knife are all unique artifacts. A large number of mortise and tenon wood components and dry fence architectural remains show the residential characteristics of Hemudu culture.

Stage and age

The 4th and 3rd floors and the 2nd and 1 floors of Hemudu site represent the early and late Hemudu culture respectively. ① Early period: about 5000 ~ 4000 years ago. The pottery system is simple, and the pottery with carbon black is absolutely dominant. In addition to plain noodles, there are many rope patterns, geometric patterns and animal and plant patterns are more prominent. The main types of utensils are convergent or open-shouldered spine pot, straight-mouthed barrel pot, large-mouthed pot with two ears at the neck, wide-brimmed shallow dish, inclined abdominal basin, annular single-handle bowl, big round pea, pot-shaped retort, block-shaped leg and so on. There are few kinds of stone tools, which are generally not polished well. Axes and hoes are thick, and the main stone tools have no holes. ② Late stage: about 4000 ~ 3300 years ago. The number of sand red pottery and red gray pottery is the largest. The front muddy red pottery has a red outer wall and a black inner wall, and red pottery clothes are often applied; The muddy red pottery in the back section is the same color inside and outside, and is rarely painted with pottery. Along the rope pattern, there is a hole pattern. New tripod, floor-standing handle, bipedal abnormity, hanging bag type. Other main shapes are cockscomb ear pot, Kaiping belly pot, cow nose ear pot, flanging pot, perforated bean, hollow inclined leg and so on. Stone tools have been polished in many ways, and there have been flat-strip stone hairpin, perforated stone axe, rectangular double-hole stone knife, stone spinning wheel and so on.

Agriculture and animal husbandry

There is a large area of rice remains on the fourth floor of Hemudu. In some places, rice, rice husk, stems and leaves are mixed with each other to form a 0.2 ~ 0.5 m thick accumulation layer, and the thickest part exceeds 1 m. The large quantity and good preservation are rare in the archaeological history of Neolithic age in China. After identification, it mainly belongs to cultivated rice subspecies indica late rice. It and the Mi and Majiabang cultures unearthed at Luojiajiao site in Tongxiang can be traced back to 5000 years ago. It is the earliest two boxes of rice in China and the oldest cultivated rice in the world. It is of great significance to discuss the origin of rice cultivation in China and its position in the history of rice cultivation in the world. The representative farmers of Hemudu culture have bones, and hundreds of them have been unearthed in Hemudu alone. It is made of the shoulder blades of deer and buffalo. Generally, the shoulder mortar is nailed horizontally, and the bones are thin without nails. Instead, polish the shoulder mortar into a half-moon shape, carve a vertical groove in the middle of the crown front and drill a hole on both sides. It is also found that the wooden handle is mounted on the bone, the lower end is embedded in the groove, the horizontal rod is wrapped and bound with rattan, and the top end is made into a T-shaped or triangular hand-grasping hole. In addition, there are wooden stakes, perforated stone axes, double-hole stone knives and rice pestles nearly 1 meter long.

Livestock mainly include pigs and dogs. Broken pig bones and teeth can be seen everywhere, and fat pottery pigs and pig patterns carved on square pottery bowls are also found. There is a pottery basin engraved with the grain of rice ears and the image of pigs, which generally reflects the dependence of animal husbandry on agriculture. In addition, many buffalo bones have been unearthed, and the cattle may have been domesticated.

Fishing and hunting

A large number of wild animal bones have been unearthed in Hemudu, including more than 40 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and mollusks. Most of them are sika deer, water deer, four elephants (elk), muntjac, roe deer and other deer animals, and there are more than 400 antlers alone. There are also many bones of birds, fish, turtles and turtles. There are also few animal remains in warm areas, such as Asian elephant, Suman rhinoceros and red-faced monkey. There are more than 1000 kinds of bone cymbals, which are characterized by long or short oblique cymbals, asymmetrical collars, narrow and long wicker cymbals and blunt or sharp conical cymbals. No fishing gear such as net drop was found, but there were a lot of fishbones, some of which were used for fishing at the same time. Other fishing and hunting tools include wooden spears and bone fish darts. The discovery of the handle-leaf conjoined wooden paddle shows that the ship has been used for transportation and may also be used for fishing activities. The bone whistle made of holes in the bird bone tube is not only a musical instrument, but also can be used to trap animals when hunting.

Primitive handicraft industry

Pottery made of carbon black is the most distinctive. Especially in the early days, both cooking utensils and eating utensils belonged to this kind of pottery. The tire mud is pure, and the iron content is only about 1.5%. A large number of rice hulls and rice stems and leaves are used as materials. The craft is primitive, and the utensils are handmade, which is not very regular; According to the test, the sintering temperature is 800 ~ 900℃, and it is made in oxygen-deficient reducing flame. The fetus is thick and loose, light in weight and strong in water absorption. In the later period, it was still hand-made, but it was partially trimmed by slow wheels. Complex shapes such as tripod and foot bag appeared, and the firing temperature of some pottery increased to about 1000℃.

As for weaving, reed mat fragments were found in Hemudu, and the weaving method of two warps and two wefts was adopted. Lightweight wooden spinning wheels, as well as pottery and stone spinning wheels of different sizes. It can be used for yarn stretching and twisting. We also found a wooden beating-up knife, a long wooden toothed device for carding warp yarns and a cloth winding shaft with notches at both ends, which may belong to the original waist machine.

Hemudu culture has developed bone tools, such as chisel, trowel, fish dart, whistle, cone, needle, tube needle, dagger, dagger, shuttle, saw, chisel and spoon, which are widely used in production and life. There are curtains, pipes, pendants, beads and other decorations. There are also butterfly-shaped vessels (made of wood, stone, bone and ivory), boots and other vessels of unknown use. Polishing is generally fine, and a few with handles and bones are engraved with patterns or double-headed bird patterns, which can be called exquisite and practical handicrafts. There are more than 20 pieces of ivory products, including butterfly-shaped vessels engraved with the images of early birds and two birds, phoenix-shaped dagger-shaped vessels and small cups engraved with woven patterns and silkworm-shaped patterns, which show the exquisite skills at that time.

Phoenix like a tooth dagger

Woodworking skills are outstanding. In addition, there are wooden chisel, spatula, pestle, spear, paddle, mallet, spinning wheel, wooden knife and other tools. In addition, many handles for installing tools were found, such as bone chisel, stone axe and stone hairpin. A rectangular handle made of forked branches and antlers, the lower part of the fork head is cut into a tenon-shaped binding surface, the left side is bound with a stone axe, and the front side is bound with Shi Mao. Many building wooden components unearthed from Hemudu site are chiseled with tenons, especially the invention and use of dovetail joint, tenons with pin holes and tongue-and-groove plates, which marked the outstanding achievements of wood-making technology at that time. A melon-shaped wooden bowl with a thin layer of cinnabar paint was unearthed on the third floor of Hemudu, which was seriously peeled off and slightly shiny. Identified as raw lacquer, it is the earliest lacquer ware in China so far.

Houses and wells

Hemudu culture is popular with a dry fence building, whose piles and frames are higher than the ground. Thousands of wooden components related to this architectural relic, such as round piles, square piles, sheet piles, beams, columns and slabs, have been found in all cultural layers of Hemudu site. There are more than 220 wooden stakes and long logs on the 4th floor, which are regularly arranged in four rows, parallel to each other and running from northwest to southeast. The longest existing row of piles is 23 meters long, and the spacing between rows 1, 2 and 3 is roughly equal from southwest to northeast, with a total width of about 7 meters. It is inferred that the indoor area exceeds160m2. The distance between the third row and the fourth row is 1.3 meters, which is located in the front porch aisle facing the northeast. Within the scope of architectural relics, there are fragments of reed mats, many pottery fragments and a large number of discarded plant skins and animal bones after eating. This large-scale dry-column building is a public residence, and the interior is likely to be divided into several small rooms. Gan Lan architecture is one of the important architectural forms in the south of China since the Neolithic Age. Hemudu is the earliest one at present. In addition to the dry-column building, a kind of column-type ground building appeared late in the early stage, in which wooden boards were placed at the bottom of column holes as the foundation, while others were filled and reinforced with stewed soil blocks, clay and broken pottery pieces to form a mortar-shaped column foundation with wooden columns in the middle.

Tenon and mortise wood members and mortise plates

A shallow wooden well was found on the second floor of Hemudu site. This is the earliest known water well relic in China, and it is also the oldest relic with shaft support structure discovered so far. The well is located in a shallow pit, with a square wellhead, a side length of about 2 meters and a well depth of about 1.35 meters. Dozens of rows of piles are planted close to the four walls in the well, and the inner side is supported by a horizontal box formed by tenon and mortise to prevent dumping. Long logs are laid flat on the top of a row of piles to form the framework of the wellhead. The periphery of the well is a circle of 28 fence piles with a diameter of about 6 meters. In addition, small logs and reed mat fragments with a slightly radial plane were found in the well, indicating that the well was still covered with a well pavilion.

grave

In the residential area on the 4th floor of Hemudu, two baby caskets with clay pots and pots were found. 1 There are more than 20 tombs on the third floor, but there are no tombs and burial utensils. Only 1 has boards at the bottom. Adults and babies are mostly buried in a single person. They were buried in three tombs, of which 1 was two children. Second-and third-floor tombs are popular for single-person lateral bending limb burial, some of which are bent with their heads facing east or northeast, and most of them have no funerary objects. Burials on the 1 floor are popular with single-person straight-limb burials, and there are also individual straight-limb burials with different heads. Most of them are in the northwest, and there are generally funerary objects, but they are not rich. There are 6 tombs in each of the two tombs with the largest number. Generally, there are pots and beans, and there are few production tools. Generally speaking, the burial methods, head orientation and funerary objects have changed in different periods.

Resident species

Physical characteristics of Neolithic residents in China.

Relations with other cultures

The early remains of Hemudu culture, represented by the 4th floor of Hemudu site, and Luojiabang culture, represented by the 4th floor of Luojiajiao site, belong to the same type and era, and the pots and pans at the hexagonal mouth of pottery are similar in shape to round mouth ears, indicating that there is a certain relationship between them.

The late Hemudu culture is similar to Majiabang culture and Songze culture (see Songze site). Majiabang developed plain-faced waist-side pot (or wide-brim pot) was rarely seen in the previous stage of Hemudu culture in the late stage. On the contrary, in the late Hemudu culture, the small but distinctive hanging bag type was also found in Majiabang type. In the later period of Hemudu culture, the styles of elongated stone, convex edge carved hole, petal-shaped circle foot and chiseled tripod foot are the same as those of Songze culture. Hemudu culture in the late period may be strongly influenced by Majiabang culture and Songze culture. Some people think that the 4th and 3rd floors of Hemudu site are newly discovered Hemudu culture, while the 2nd and 1 floors belong to Majiabang culture and Songze culture (or named Songze culture separately), and then put forward that Hemudu culture should be developed into Majiabang culture.

The relationship between early and late Hemudu culture and its development direction need to be deeply analyzed on the basis of finding more materials; The nature and attribution of its late remains need further discussion.

Bibliography:

Zhejiang Cultural Management Association and Zhejiang Museum: First Excavation Report of Hemudu Site, Journal of Archaeology,No. 1978,No. 1.

Mou Yongkang: On Hemudu Culture, Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of China Archaeological Society, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1980.