Introducing the architectural form of a kind of residential house in China (Guide Words)

Because of China's vast territory and many nationalities, geographic and climatic conditions and lifestyles vary from place to place, so do the styles and manners of houses inhabited by people from different parts of the country.

Among China's dwellings, the most characteristic ones are the courtyard houses in Beijing, the kilns on the Loess Plateau in the northwest, the ancient dwellings in Anhui, and the Hakka tulou in Fujian and Guangdong, and the yurts in Mongolia.

Beijing courtyard

In the big and small hutongs of Beijing, there are many courtyard houses surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north, which are called siheyuan.

The gate of the courtyard is generally open in the southeast or northwest corner, the north room in the courtyard is the main room, the main room is built on a brick and stone foundation, larger than the other houses, is the owner's room. On both sides of the courtyard were built the east and west compartments, where the younger generations lived. A corridor was built between the main house and the chambers for people to walk and rest. The walls of the courtyard and the houses facing the street generally do not open windows to the outside, making the courtyard a closed and quiet environment.

Beijing has various sizes of siheyuan, but no matter how big or small they are, they are all made up of courtyards surrounded by houses on all sides. The simplest siheyuan has only one courtyard, the more complex ones have two or three courtyards, and the deep houses where rich and noble people live are usually composed of several siheyuan side by side. There is also a partition wall in the middle.

Kilns

China's middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River are the world-famous Loess Plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau have built a unique kind of residence, the kiln, by utilizing the deep, thick, three-dimensional layers of loess there. Kilns are divided into earth kilns, stone kilns, brick kilns and so on. Earthen kilns are loess kilns dug against the hillside, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, and have the best heat and sound insulation. Stone kilns and brick kilns are built with stones or bricks to form an arched hole, and then covered with a thick layer of loess, which is sturdy and beautiful. Since the construction of kilns does not require steel and cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society, the construction of kilns has been improved, and the kilns on the Loess Plateau, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, have become more and more comfortable and beautiful.

Anhui Ancient Dwellings

Huizhou School of Architecture is a major school of ancient architecture that matured in the later stages of ancient Chinese society, and its craft features and modeling style are mainly reflected in the architectural objects such as dwellings, ancestral temples, pagodas and gardens. The most distinctive style of Huizhou architecture is the traditional residence, which concentrates on reflecting the mountainous features of Huizhou, the will of feng shui and the tendency of regional beauty decoration. The Huizhou style residence is mostly in the form of courtyard type residence (small-scale ones are more in the form of courtyard), generally facing south, leaning on the mountain and facing the water, and emphasizing the value of feng shui. The layout is symmetrically divided by the central axis, with a face of three rooms, a hall in the middle, rooms on both sides, and a patio in front of the hall, with light and ventilation, and courtyards set together, creating a deep and self-contained family living space. The appearance of the residential houses is very strong in integrity and beauty, with high walls closed, horse-heads and horns, staggered wall lines, black tiles and white walls, and elegant and generous colors. In terms of decoration, the beauty of the "three carvings" (brick carving, stone carving, wood carving) of Huizhou houses is breathtaking. Huizhou ancestral halls and pagodas in Huizhou architecture is also quite heavy: ancestral halls have a general ancestral hall, branch ancestral halls, general scale are more grand, by the gate, enjoy the hall, the bedchamber and so on more into the group into a rich and magnificent. Pai Fang is mainly stone, there are four columns and five floors, four columns and four columns, eight columns, the mouth of the word form, etc., elegant modeling, scattered in the townships, is an important part of the ancient Huizhou human landscape. As a traditional architectural school, the Huizhou school of architecture is a combination of elegance, simplicity and richness, and still maintains a unique artistic style.

Gatehouse Huizhou architectural format. Huizhou building door, are equipped with door (slightly smaller scale called door cover), the main role is to prevent rain down the wall and splash the door. General farmhouse door cover is relatively simple, a little from the upper part of the door frame in the position, with water-worn bricks outwardly picking gable feet, the top of the roof tile, and carve some simple decorations. The rich family doorway is very elaborate, more brick or stone carving decoration.

Through-the-hall style Huizhou-style architectural structure. Also known as the hall. The location of the hall is behind the hall, and the hall is connected to the hall, is the hall into the inner room of the transition building. Most of them have wooden floors.

Hall style Huizhou architecture structure. Hall for the hall, three open, closed with movable partitions, easy to use in winter. General hall set up two corridors, facing the patio. There is also the center of the population set the screen door, daily access from both sides of the screen door, in case of ceremonial activities, the screen door from the door in the door. Hall changes sometimes have a side door population, the patio below the guest room, entertaining guests to live, or by the main door population set up two rooms. The hall is mainly used for ceremonial activities in Huizhou houses, such as welcoming VIPs and handling wedding and funeral ceremonies, etc. It is also used as a place for living activities, and is the main part of the whole set of houses.

Large roof ridge kissing Huizhou architectural format. Refers to the emblematic large roof ridge ridge kiss decorative parts. Huizhou ancient word hall, temples, mansions and other large buildings, inherited the "song building law" official style, the use of large roof ridge kiss, there is a kiss, squatting ridge beast, hanging ridge kiss, the corner of the beast, set of beasts, and so on. The modeling is different from the official style, which is characteristic of the Huizhou school.

Flying chair Hui architectural format. The Huizhou folk house upstairs patio set around the chair of the elegant name.

High walls and deep houses, Huizhou architectural structure. Huizhou has many ancient homes, surrounded by high walls, called the fire wall, like an ancient fortress from a distance, houses in addition to the big door, only a few small windows, light mainly by the patio. This residence is often very deep, the entrance for the forecourt, set up a patio, after the hall, generally live. After the hall is separated by a door, there are two bedrooms in one hall. After the hall is a fire wall, set up a patio against the wall, and built on both sides of the room. This is the first entry. The structure of the second entry is a ridge divided into two halls, before and after the two patios, there are partitions, there are four bedrooms, two rooms. The third, fourth or later more into the structure is more or less the same. This kind of deep house is inhabited by a family. Along with the reproduction of the descendants, the house is also one into a set of building up, so the house is large, "36 patio, 72 sill window" said. Generally, a branch of the family lives in one. Door a closed, each family independent life; door a open, a gate access, an ancestor under the card sacrifice. It vividly embodies the ancient Huizhou gathering and living in the folk style.

Grid window Huizhou architectural format. Huizhou residential along the patio week corridor using wooden lattice window space, its function has light, ventilation, dust, heat preservation, split indoor and outdoor space and other roles. The main forms of the lattice windows are square, round, zigzag, assorted (flowers, plants, animals, artifacts, totems, etc.). Grid window pattern more metaphorical and harmonic way to show the auspicious symbolism, such as peace and harmony with a vase and ruyi pattern composed of harmonic representation; longevity with a peach and Buddha's hand pattern; four seasons of peace is a vase inserted on the moonflower; five grains with the ears of the grain, bees, lantern combination; blessing of life with the use of the batting, peaches, and so on.

The Huizhou style houses are also characterized by the following features

1. Respect for the natural landscape environment. Ancient Huizhou on the village site of the topography, landforms, water flow wind direction and other factors have been carefully considered, are often based on the mountains and the water, a beautiful environment, reasonable layout, smooth transportation, the building is integrated into the landscape.

2. Rich in aesthetic appearance of the whole. Unique horse-head wall, the use of high walls closed, horse-head angle, wall and horse-head high and low in and out of the staggered, not only the beauty of the modeling, and more importantly, it is fire prevention, fire prevention, blocking the spread of the practical function of the fire. Green mountains, green water, white walls, tile is one of the main features of the Huizhou school of architecture, in the simplicity of the show through.

3. The more flexible layout of the courtyard. Architectural layout of the unit is a courtyard surrounded by the center of the patio, according to the function, the scale, the topography of the flexible arrangement of rhythmic.

4. exquisite detail decoration. Hui culture in the "three carvings" (brick carving, stone carving, wood carving) art is breathtaking, brick carving door cover, stone carving window, wood carving pillars and buildings into one, is a major feature of Hui architecture. First, it is to Daiwa, powder wall, horse head wall for the phenotype characteristics. Second, to brick carving, wood carving, stone carving for decorative features. Third, the high house, deep wells, halls for home features.

South Anhui residential houses are most representative of Xidi and Hongcun in Yixian County, which were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000.

Hongcun has more than 140 well-preserved ancient houses of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Inside the village, there are many buildings and courtyards, and the lakes and mountains are so beautiful that they are in harmony with each other, and the scenery is everywhere, and every step is a picture. Hongcun, with its wonderful idyllic scenery, is known as "China's Painted Countryside". Xidi has 124 ancient houses of the Ming and Qing dynasties and 3 ancestral halls. On behalf of the Huizhou folk architectural style of the "three greats" (houses, ancestral halls, pagodas) and "three carvings" (wood carving, stone carving, brick carving), in this place has been preserved intact.

One of the characteristics of the Huizhou-style houses is the high walls and deep courtyards, which is a defense against thieves on the one hand, and the need for psychological security of the migrant families who suffered from displacement on the other. Another feature of the Huizhou folk houses is the deep patio as the center of the formation of the inward courtyard, surrounded by high walls, the outside almost can not see the tile, the only long and narrow patio light, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic form, centered on the patio and enclosed by high walls, is the focus of people's attention. Rainwater falling from the four sides of the roof into the patio, commonly known as "four water to the hall", but also a graphic reflection of the Huizhou merchants "fat water does not flow outside the field" mentality, which is similar to the Shanxi residence.

The houses in southern Anhui are two-story buildings with a very small patio in the center, and the hall is located on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors or windows between the hall and the patio, which is an open space. On the north side of the hall, that is, at the back, there is a wooden wall, and on both sides of the wall, there are doors without doors. In front of the wall, furniture such as a long table and an eight-imperial table are placed. Hall east and west sides, respectively, placed several groups of back chairs and coffee table, people often place some utensils on it as a decoration.

The location, layout and architectural form of the ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are guided by the Feng Shui theory of Zhou Yi, reflecting the traditional Chinese philosophical thinking of the unity of man and heaven and the yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential complexes are closely integrated with nature, creating a scientific and interesting living and dwelling environment, which is the essence of traditional Chinese residential buildings. The unique water system of the village is a model of water conservancy project combining utility and aesthetics, which profoundly reflects the outstanding wisdom of human beings in utilizing and transforming nature. The layout of the work, the structure of the clever, the beauty of the decoration, the creation of the fine, the depth of cultural connotation", for the domestic ancient residential complex is rare. Architects have praised it as "the treasure house of ancient residential architecture".

Hakka Tulou

Tulou is the residence of Hakka people in Guangdong and Fujian. The ancestors of the Hakka people were Han Chinese who migrated to the south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River more than 1,900 years ago. In order to guard against harassment and protect their families, the Hakka people created these huge dwellings, the earthen buildings. Dozens of families and hundreds of people from an entire clan can live in one earthen building. There are round and square earthen buildings, among which, the most characteristic one is the round earthen building. The round building consists of two or three circles, the outer circle is more than ten meters high, with one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the warehouse, the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms; the second circle is two floors, with 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms; the middle is the ancestor hall, which can accommodate a few hundred people for the communal **** activities. There are also wells, bathrooms and toilets in the Tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka Tulou have been praised by architects all over the world.

Yurt

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Mongolia and other nomadic traditional housing. Anciently known as the dome, also known as felt tents, tents, felt bags and so on. Mongolian language called ger, Manchu for yurt or Mongolia Bo. Nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life and create this residence, easy to disassemble, easy to nomadic. Since the Xiongnu era has appeared, has been used until now. Yurt was round, around the side walls into several pieces, each piece of 130 to 160 cm high, 230 cm long, with a strip of wood woven into a net, several pieces connected, surrounded by a round, long cover umbrella bone-shaped dome, and the side walls connected. The roof of the tent and the four walls were covered or surrounded by felt, fixed with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwestern wall to install the door board, and a round skylight is left on the roof of the tent to let in light, ventilation and smoke, and it is covered with felt at night or in rainy or snowy days. The smallest yurt is more than 300 centimeters in diameter, and the largest can accommodate hundreds of people. The tent of the Khan and the kings in the Mongol Khanate era could accommodate 2,000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and traveling. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas are mostly built in fixed style, surrounded by earth walls, covered with reeds and grasses; nomadic areas are mostly in mobile style. Traveling type is divided into detachable and non-detachable two kinds, the former to livestock transportation, the latter to oxcart or horse-drawn carriage. People's Republic of China **** and the establishment of the State, the Mongolian settlers increased, only in the nomadic areas still retain the yurt. In addition to the Mongols, Kazakhs, Tajiks and other nomadic herders also live in yurts. It is easy to dismantle and install, and is conducive to relocation and mobility when grazing.

Dai family bamboo

Dai villages are in the dam near the water, the banks of the creek on both sides of the river, lakes and swamps around, where the bamboo around the shade of the place, there must be Dai village. The big walled set of two or three hundred family members, small villages only more than ten people. The house is a single block, surrounded by open space, each family into its own courtyard. Tenglong along the edge of the residence, more earth wall cottage, each house is also spaced out for three, divided into bedrooms and halls, which is obviously influenced by the Han Chinese, is not the inherent form of the Dai; Sipu along the edge of the bamboo building is completely wooden frame, on the people to live, under the perch of the livestock, the style is similar to a large tent, which is with the "Huainanzi" recorded in the "South Vietnam Nest Dwelling" of the situation Fully consistent with the "Huainanzi" recorded "South Vietnam nesting" situation, is also recorded in the history of the ancient bureaucrats "according to the trees to live" of the "dry appendage" housing, which is considered a typical building inherent in the Dai ethnic group. This kind of bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, four without a fence, cattle and horses tethered to the column. Upper near the stairs at a terrace, turn into a long room, separated by a bamboo fence in a corner to do the master's bedroom and important money storage; the rest is a large open room, the roof is not very high, both sides of the sloping, the eaves and in the floor boards, so there is no window. If the eaves are a little high, there are also small windows on both sides, and a door opens at the back, and in the center of the building is a fire pit, which burns day and night regardless of winter and summer, cooking and cooking tea, all on this fire, and the hosts and guests set to talk, and squatting or sitting around the stove. The roof is covered with thatch, and the beams, doors, windows and floors are all made of bamboo. This kind of residential construction, extremely easy, only to cut to the big bamboo, about the set of neighbors to help each other, a few days can be created; but also very easy to rot and destroy, every year after the rainy season, they will have to be repaired. Tusi head of the residence, more than bamboo and wood to build, the style is still like a bamboo building, only slightly taller, do not pave thatch and changed to tile roof. Xishuangbanna territory, the Dai themselves can burn tiles, tiles such as fish scales, three inches square, thin only two or three points, each tile on one side of a hook, first in the roof rafters nailed across the bamboo strips, two inches between each strip, will be hanging on the bamboo strips, such as fish scales, and no longer add the gray solid, so the Dai roof can not be climbed, if the tile is broken need to be replaced, only have to reach down in the rafters will be broken tiles removed, and then will be hooked on the new tiles on the can. Where to live in such houses, it is considered the village of the big family, is the car Xuanwu Yamen, the building style is just so, but the area is much larger than the general Dai folk wooden building, the whole building with one hundred and twenty large wooden columns into a long more than ten Wen, broad seven or eight zhang, upstairs partitioned into a number of large and small houses, surrounded by walking rails, but do not open the window, so the darkness is not light, downstairs, empty without a fence, only to see neatly one hundred and twenty large wooden columns are arranged This is the official office and residence of the ruler of the Dai most bureau. This kind of house above the people below the cattle and horses, in the southwestern border areas in general can be seen, such as Hani, Jingpo, Lisu to Miao, Yao, Li ethnic groups, housing construction is also so style, but the lower level of more boulders or mud for the walls. Dai's bamboo building, is the lower four sides of the open, every morning when the cattle and horses out of the pen, they will be cleared of feces, so that the sunshine throughout the day, living in the upper floor of the people, not to be obscene fumes.

Tujia Hanging Corner House

Tujia love to live in groups, love to live in the hanging wooden buildings. Build houses are a village, a cottage, rarely single-family. Built houses are mostly wooden structure, small green tiles, lattice windows, the Division of the eaves overhanging, wooden railing handrails, walking horse corner, ancient color. General home have a small courtyard, fences in front of the yard, the yard behind the bamboo forest, green stone paving, planing boards installed walls, pine bright illumination, a family living in the sunrise and sunset idyllic quiet life. Tujia Tujia, the country's existing population of 5,704,223 people, mainly in Hunan Xiangxi, Hubei Enshi. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed.

The Tujia region, with its winding hills and mountains, is rich in produce. With majestic natural scenery and rich ethnic flavor, it attracts Chinese and foreign tourists. Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China, which has become an emerging tourist destination.

The Tujia people, who call themselves "Bizka", meaning "native people", settled in the area of today's western Hunan and western Hubei more than 2,000 years ago, and, together with other ethnic minorities, were known as "Wuling barbarians" or "Wu Ling barbarians". "After the Song Dynasty, the Tujia became a separate ethnic group. After the Song Dynasty, the Tujia were separately called "Tuding" and "Tumin". After the founding of New China, they were officially named Tujia according to the wishes of the Tujia people.

The Tujia have their own language, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most of them began to use Chinese and Chinese language at a very early age due to their long intermingling with the Han Chinese. Only a few areas in Longshan, Yongshun and Guzhang counties in western Hunan still use Tujia language. The Tujia people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, and are more influenced by the Han in the development of economy and culture, but they also retain their own characteristics. The "golden tung oil" of western Hunan and the "dam lacquer" of western Hubei are famous products in China and abroad.

Tujia Houses

Ancient literature calls Tujia houses "dry bar", and a few folklore literature calls Tujia houses "corner house". The general family only has the main house, the well-off family has the main house, the side house and the corner building. Wealthy people have a door to the house. The big family, repair the courtyard, building to the courtyard wall, four sides of the brick, commonly known as sealing the fire bucket, individual households also repair the sky building and sunbathing platform. The scale of the main house has three columns of four banners, three columns of five banners or five columns of eight banners to seven columns of twelve banners, mostly four rows of three, there are six rows of five, avoiding the repair of a single fan of the double room of the house. The main house in the middle of the hall, to sacrifice ancestors and welcome guests, on both sides for the earth. Behind the hall, there is an aisle room, commonly known as 'holding the pocket room'. The side room is called 'mill corner', also called 'horse's butt', or brush house, connected to the left and right sides of the main house, as a stove or pestle and mortar room. The distinctive Tujia corner house is commonly called 'walking horse corner house'. For people with many children, their daughters live in the corner building, so they are called 'embroidered flowers' or 'old maiden's building'. The corner building is built in front of the left or right front of the main house, and there are also main houses around the corner building. The corner building is generally three rows of two rooms, the upper and lower two floors, the upper for the people, the lower for the compartment, warehouse or pestle and mortar. Corner building next to the side of the main house, there are overhanging corridors, turn to the outer edge of the head, when the head of the two sides of the upper end, the wonderful corridor warped, quite a majestic".

Tujia folk called the Tujia residence for the "corner building", is a unique form of construction in the Tujia residence. General Tujia people live in a house, the length of its even three, even five, even seven, even nine, the depth of its three columns and four riding, five columns and four riding, five columns and eight riding, and so on. A even three (four rows of three) of the wooden house, the center of the room called the hall, as ancestor worship, welcome guests, weddings and funerals and other major events; left and right two called housing, the front room for the fire store, for the gathering of fire to the fire of the deliberations of the use of the back room for the bedroom. If the foundation of the house is wide enough and the family is rich, the right side of the house is equipped with a side room, which is used to put the stove, firewood room, cattle pen and pigsty; and the left side is equipped with a compartment and a building. The left side was equipped with a room and a building. Under the building, the pestle and mill and the granary were arranged, while the upper part was used as the 'study' or the 'embroidery room' for the daughters. When the foundation of the house was facing the kan, the building would be hung with feet, but if there was no kan, the columns would be aligned with the main house, and only some false columns would be hung on the corridor of the second floor. Regardless of whether the foot is not hanging, in the outside of the building must be warped corner, so it is called 'corner of the building'".

Tujia folk residence appellation reveal

Tujia people are based on the structural form of the house to refer to their own residence. Generally speaking, Tujia dwellings are divided into single-unit dwellings and combined dwellings. The combined house is made up of a combination of single houses, which are called by different names.

1, the Tujia single-unit residence title

Tujia residence according to the depth of three columns of two flags (commonly known as the sharp knife frame), three columns of four banners, three columns of five banners, three columns of six banners, three columns of seven banners, four columns of five banners, four columns of six banners, four columns of seven banners, four columns of eight banners, five columns of seven banners, five columns of eight banners, six columns of six banners, seven columns of twelve banners difference, the general company of the three, four, five, and even six, seven, nine, fifteen. The single-unit residential houses have tiles according to the material. Single dwelling according to the material has a tile house, rock house, thatched roof, mud house of the so-called.

2, the Tujia combined residence title

Tujia combined residence is a unique form of Tujia residence, is developed from the Tujia monolithic residence, contains the Tujia people's concept of aesthetics, craftsmanship values, folklore concepts, as well as the idea of using nature for my own use and struggle with nature. The title of the Tujia ensemble of dwellings has a corner building, four water house, cellar house, punch the sky building, and its form of expression has a two-hex water, three-hex water, four-hex water difference.