Distribution characteristics and development trend of manufacturing centers in China

At present, some state-owned factories in China machinery manufacturing industry are losing money. The lack of competitiveness and long-term backlog of products in domestic and foreign markets are not only related to the management system, but also to the aging of factory equipment and outdated knowledge of scientific and technological personnel.

Re-understanding of mechanical manufacturing (1)-Manufacturing technology is the pillar of national economic development.

Professor Ji Chuan, the chairman of the 46th annual meeting from 65438 to 0999, pointed out in his summary report that the economic competition among industrial countries in the world is mainly the competition of manufacturing technology. Manufacturing technology generally accounts for 55%-65% in the composition of enterprise productivity in various countries. The development of Japan and the Four Little Dragons in Asia largely depends on their emphasis on manufacturing technology. These countries attach great importance to buying patents for high-tech applications from all over the world, forming products through manufacturing technology, and then occupying the world market. This is also one of the reasons why they can rise and take off.

Most people just realize that the machinery manufacturing industry must rely on information science and material science to transform itself, which is only one aspect of the problem; On the other hand, information science and materials science must also rely on manufacturing technology to make progress. For example, manufacturing high-density large-scale integrated appliances and storage devices is the most critical issue in the development of computers, which depends on the development of manufacturing technology.

Experts and professors in developed industrial countries, such as the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland and other countries, have listed manufacturing science, information science, material science and biological science as one of the four pillars of the present era. However, because the United States has paid little attention to manufacturing science in recent years, many of their products are not competitive. Therefore, the American government listed the advanced manufacturing plan as the only key scientific and technological field supported by the national budget, which caused a new round of manufacturing technology competition between the United States and Europe. The competition at the beginning of the new century will be more intense.

Modern machinery manufacturing industry is not a traditional machinery manufacturing industry, which is called machining. It is a synthesis of new technologies and emerging industries that integrates the latest achievements of machinery, electronics, optics, information science, material science, biological science, laser science and management science.

Re-understanding of mechanical manufacturing (II)-Manufacturing technology is the comprehensive utilization of high technology today.

Modern mechanical manufacturing technology not only uses microelectronics, computer technology and laser processing technology in its information processing and control; Moreover, the machining mechanism, cutting technology and even the tools used are permeated with contemporary high and new technology. For example, by controlling the relative motion between the laser beam and the workpiece, laser processing can process holes, grooves, two-dimensional and three-dimensional curved surfaces on a machine tool to complete drilling, boring, milling and other actions. It may lead to a new revolution in machining-laser cutting, welding, cutting, forming and so on. Such as sheet bending under the action of laser beam, rapid laser collimation, laser measurement and many other technologies, have been widely used in the automobile industry, computer industry and home appliance industry in the United States, Japan and West Germany, and achieved great economic benefits.

At the 44th, 45th and 46th annual meetings, some papers emphasized that it is inaccurate to divide machining into cutting machining and non-cutting machining, and another method is called growth machining. Taking crystal growth as an example, a processing technology of layer-by-layer growth is introduced.

Because the ultraviolet light emitted by the laser is condensed into a thin beam through the optical system, the liquid plastic contained in the container is scanned. Due to the photochemical action of ultraviolet laser, this plastic can be cured on the surface. According to the size and shape of the parts to be manufactured, it is controlled by a computer and only needs to be exposed where the parts are formed. The workbench filled with liquid plastic can do step-by-step lateral movement and lifting movement. With the cooperation of the laser scanning movement and the transverse movement of the worktable, a thin solidified film is formed at the place where the laser beam sweeps. Every time a plane is swept, the workbench drops by 0.02mm, so that the plastic can be solidified layer by layer according to the specified shape and made into any complex parts. This method can be said to show a new technical direction at the beginning of 2 1 century.

Re-understanding of mechanical manufacturing (III) —— Manufacturing technology is the comprehensive utilization of high technology today.

When talking about the flexibility, sensitivity, intelligence and informatization of the production process, many papers and round-table forums all point out the need to comprehensively apply engineering mathematics, laser science, microelectronics technology, computer technology, cybernetics, biology, materials science, management, information science and humanistic knowledge. These sciences have changed the face of mechanical manufacturing, and the development of mechanical manufacturing technology has in turn provided new tools for these sciences and promoted their further development.

A lot of information in automatic production needs to be provided by testing, and all kinds of faults in production need to be found and prevented by testing, and the required accuracy also needs to be guaranteed by testing. Without reliable testing, there will be no modern automation, and there will be no high efficiency, high precision and high quality.

1999 The article "The New Development of Assembly System" published in the 46th annual meeting points out that in order to meet the needs of flexible automation, robots must have a vision system, which can recognize the assembly shape and posture, and position and vision sensors for accurate positioning and grasping force control. Automatic guided vehicles also have visual or acoustic emission sensors to judge possible faults during driving. Many papers at the 44th, 45th and 46th annual meetings emphasized that the more flexible the process, the more sensors are needed.

The flexibility, agility, intelligence and informationization of manufacturing technology, high quality and high productivity have always been the main goals of the development of machinery manufacturing industry. Therefore, at the beginning of 2 1 year, the general trend of the development of machinery manufacturing industry is "four modernizations": flexibility-making process equipment and process routes meet the needs of producing various products. Agile-the shortest preparation time to bring productivity to market and the flexible turning of factory machines. Intelligentization is an important part of flexible automation and a new development and extension of flexible automation. Informatization-the value of matter and energy generated by information will no longer be the value generated by information, but the value generated by information by matter and energy. Therefore, the information industry and intellectual industry will become the leading industries in society, and the machinery manufacturing industry will also be a brand-new machinery manufacturing industry dominated by information, adopting advanced production methods, advanced manufacturing systems, advanced manufacturing technologies and advanced organizations. At the beginning of the 20th century, the important characteristics of machinery manufacturing industry were globalization, networking, virtualization and green manufacturing in harmony with environmental protection. Humans should not only get rid of heavy physical labor, but also liberate themselves from tedious mental work such as calculation and analysis, so that more managers can engage in high-level creative work. Intelligentization improves the flexibility and makes the production system have more perfect judgment and adaptability.

In recent years, product changes are accelerating and various demands are increasing. According to the statistics of some developed industrial countries, such as the United States, West Germany, Switzerland and other countries, the types of mechanical parts in 1995- 1998 increased by 50%; 80% of the staff do not deal directly with materials, but with information; 85% of the activities did not directly increase the added value of products, and the products, technological processes and organizational management became increasingly complex; Design and process preparation account for more than 65% of the total time to complete user orders. On the other hand, in the fierce market competition, delivery time and quality often play a more important role than price, so agility has become the top priority of machinery manufacturing.

In recent years, there are a lot of papers on concurrent engineering, lean production, just-in-time production and so on. These papers will be very popular research topics in the machinery manufacturing industry at the beginning of 2 1 century.

Manufacturing technology is developing towards ultra-precision machining, micro-machining and ultra-high speed cutting.

From 2 1, the precision of ultra-precision machining can reach1mm. At present, ultra-precision machining includes ultra-precision cutting, ultra-precision grinding and precision special machining. Ultra-precision machining can improve the performance and quality of products, improve the stability and reliability of products, promote the miniaturization of products, enhance the interchangeability of parts, improve assembly productivity and promote automatic assembly. The development of ultra-precision machining technology has strongly promoted the development of various new technologies and supported the progress of the latest science and technology.

The size of micro-machine is 1 mm ~ 1 μ m, which is a micro-electromechanical system integrating micro-mechanism, micro-actuator, signal processing and control circuit, even peripheral interface circuit, communication circuit and power supply. Therefore, micromechanics is far beyond the concept and category of traditional machinery, and its application field is quite extensive. At present, silicon micromachining technology based on semiconductor technology is mainly used in micromachining, such as doping, lithography and etching technology. At present, an important development direction of micromechanics is to directly manufacture and assemble MEMS, which is a fully intelligent system that can independently collect and process data and generate executive actions. This is the beginning of a new technological revolution. At present, ultra-high speed machining technology is developing continuously. The service life of the motorized spindle with hydrostatic bearing imported from IBAG is about 20,000 hours. At present, the highest speed of motorized spindle in the international market can reach10.5 million rpm or higher. The fast moving speed of the high-speed CNC machine tool also reaches 120m/min, and the feed speed is increased or decreased to 2g. In terms of working reliability, the trouble-free working time of the machine tool reaches 200,000 hours. The motorized spindle of permanent magnet synchronous motor is also developed by Mazak Company of Japan. The rotor of this motor is a permanent magnet, which will not generate heat, thus greatly improving the thermal condition of the motorized spindle. In addition, the external dimensions of this synchronous motor are smaller and more powerful than asynchronous motors with the same power, and the power density can also be improved. Linear motors are used in automobile industry, electric machining machine tools, aviation industry, large molds, sheet metal punching machines, laser sheet metal cutting machines and even coordinate measuring machines. At the same time, ingersoll Company of the United States introduced the motorized spindle with hydrostatic bearing and sold it as an independent component. IBAG of Switzerland invented the magnetic bearing motorized spindle.

Rapid prototyping manufacturing has also been further developed. This technology is widely used by three major automobile companies such as Ford, Boeing Aircraft Company and IBM Company. In addition, hundreds of service companies have been set up to serve SMEs. Database management system technology has also made great progress.

Characteristics of 2 1 century machinery manufacturing tools

At present, the quality, price and delivery date of products have become the three decisive factors to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, the characteristics of machinery manufacturing technology and equipment at the beginning of the new century are:

1, five-axis linkage machining appears, and five-axis multi-faceted machining machine appears. The machine tool is a CNC machine tool (special plane), which has the characteristics of high precision, high speed, simple structure, convenient use, low price and universal adjustment.

2. The fixture has the advantages of high precision, simple structure, convenient use and universal adjustment.

3. Tools include high-speed cutting, ultra-high-speed cutting, high-speed grinding, powerful grinding, abrasive belt grinding, coating tools, superhard tools and dies, and laser-assisted turning and milling.

4. The measuring tool has simple structure, strong universality and high precision.

-The main direction of manufacturing engineers in China

At present, most of the first-line engineers and technicians in China's machinery manufacturing plants (companies) are graduates majoring in machinery manufacturing and its technical equipment in the 1980s. The knowledge learned in school is the manufacturing technology of western developed countries in the 1940 s, and the knowledge is very old. Moreover, the equipment and manufacturing technology of factory practice are aging.

At present, China has joined the WTO, accelerating its integration into the global economy. At the same time, the manufacturing industry is facing great challenges and new opportunities. Therefore, engineers in China machinery manufacturing industry should emancipate their minds, speed up knowledge updating and expand their skills.

Accelerate entry

(1) information science;

(2) materials science;

(3) cybernetics;

(4) biological sciences;

(5) management science;

(6) surface science;

(7) Microelectronics technology;

(8) Laser technology;

(9) Learning computer technology.

The main way of learning can be

(1) Full-time intensive rotation training;

(2) Amateur remedial classes;

(3) communication;

(4) Internship in an advanced or joint venture;

(5) Or send personnel to practice in developed countries. Only in this way can China's manufacturing industry be revitalized.