Art Exploration in Bay Area

China Garden integrates architecture, calligraphy and painting, sculpture, literature, gardening and other arts, which is the embodiment of China people's aesthetics and the reflection of China people's lifestyle. There are many kinds of gardens in China, which can be divided into four categories according to local characteristics: Royal Gardens, Jiangnan Gardens, Sichuan Gardens and Lingnan Gardens. According to the gardening system, royal gardens, Jiangnan gardens and Lingnan gardens constitute three classical garden systems. The imperial gardens include the Summer Palace in Beijing, the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou is indispensable to the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, the Du Fu Caotang is included in the gardens in Sichuan, and the Lingnan gardens are represented by the four famous gardens in Guangdong.

On the one hand, Lingnan Garden is a geographical concept, which is the general name of gardens in the south of Wuling, especially in Guangdong, including Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Yuyin Garden in Panyu, Keyuan Garden in Dongguan and Liangyuan Garden in Foshan. Others are the most representative western gardens of Chaoyang Three Gardens, namely Chaozhou Chongyuan, Chenghai Xitang and Macau Lujiayuan. Newly built Huilai Dageng Garden, Panyu Shawan Baomo Garden, Shunde Harmony Garden, Kaiping Liyuan and Zhongshan Exhibition Garden in modern times. On the other hand, Lingnan Garden also represents a unique garden design style. The splendor of the royal family, the beauty of Jiangnan, and Lingnan? I'm afraid a word can't describe its beauty.

Wuling mountain range forms a natural barrier, and Lingnan area is located on the mainland border, which urges the local area to retain its unique culture for a long time. Lingnan people do more business and pursue a pragmatic attitude towards life. The function of private gardens is to meet the needs of daily life. The local temperature is high, and it is wet and rainy all the year round. The architectural design requires that the room be cool, and there should not be too many light changes.

In ancient China, due to war and politics, there were five population migrations, and a large number of northerners moved south, bringing the Central Plains culture. At the same time, Lingnan, far away from the political center, avoided the turmoil caused by the change of dynasties.

0 1? Square pond

As long as you have been to the Royal Garden or Jiangnan Garden, you will find the pool in the garden with natural shape. The so-called "although it is man-made, it seems to be a natural place." But in Lingnan, take the yuyin mountain residence in Panyu as an example. There is a square lotus pond in it. In fact, as early as the Song Dynasty, square pools were more common. ? After seeing the lotus pond at a friend's house in Fujian, Zhu, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote a poem "Half an acre of square pond has been opened". The square pool is like a mirror, which is often used by scholars in Song Dynasty for introspection. However, this shape of pond gradually disappeared after the Ming Dynasty, but it still remained in Lingnan.

02? Gao Tai building

? Jiangnan garden is a multi-plane structure, while Lingnan garden is different. Take Keyuan in Dongguan as an example. It is a three-dimensional high-rise garden. On the first and second floors, you can walk through the inner corridor and climb upstairs. At most, there are four floors, called Diaolou, for guests to use. Each floor of the garden has different scenery because of its high angle. This kind of high-rise building existed as early as the Qin Dynasty, such as the Epang Palace of Qin Shihuang. It can be seen that the architectural style of Lingnan area is the accumulation of medieval culture before Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The geographical location of Lingnan area is close to Southeast Asia, and it is an important meeting point of the Maritime Silk Road from the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Even though the Ming and Qing Dynasties implemented the policy of banning the sea for nearly 200 years, only Guangdong Customs opened its trade since the middle of Qing Dynasty. Until the Opium War, Guangdong was a very important foreign trade window, with close foreign exchanges.

Therefore, Lingnan has been influenced by western culture since ancient times, and most of the existing gardens were built in the second half of the19th century. This period also happened to be the heyday of western learning spreading to the east.

0 1? Drawing lessons from geometric layout

Different from other traditional gardens, Lingnan Garden adopts western geometric style. For example, the octagonal pavilion in Yuyin Mountain House is surrounded by an octagonal pool.

When it comes to Lingnan gardens that combine Chinese and Western styles, Chaoyang West Garden is essential. It looks like an irregular ladder, and the structure adopts the layout of "left house and right garden", which is very different from the garden mentioned above. There are foreign buildings in the building, as well as the traditional study and living room in China, which is a combination of local culture and foreign culture. This gardening technology has broken through the traditional restrictions and innovated and developed the gardens in China. Unfortunately, as a private garden, the West Garden is not open to the public.

02? Decorate with colored windows

? Openness, compatibility and diversity are the biggest characteristics that distinguish Lingnan gardens from royal gardens and Jiangnan gardens. Windows are an important part of landscape architecture, and the uniqueness of Lingnan is also reflected in windows. Take Shunde Qinghui Garden as an example, it uses a large number of colored windows inlaid with colored glass as decorative elements. Colored windows used to be western architectural decorations, which were common in churches. Sunlight shining on the glass will have a dazzling effect. Later, this decoration was also used in other functional buildings. With the frequent cultural exchanges with foreign countries, colored windows also came to Lingnan area, and combined with traditional windows in China, beautiful Manchu windows were born. Now it can be seen in buildings in Guangzhou and Foshan.

One? unorthodox

Lingnan traditional ideology has always been unorthodox because it is far away from the imperial court, and its far-Confucianism, disobedience and irregularity are all manifestations of unorthodox consciousness.

Under the influence of long-term cultural and social development, the aesthetics of traditional courtyard buildings have gradually formed. At the same time, influenced by the secularization thought of valuing business over Confucianism, the decoration has made no secret of the pursuit of wealth and fame, and the layout of geomantic omen and the planting of plants all reflect the pursuit of auspicious images.

Two? practicality

Influenced by the aesthetic thought of practical application, the design of Lingnan garden shows obvious pragmatic characteristics. The layout and design of the courtyard are closely combined with daily life, emphasizing the beauty and practicality of the landscape and the clear and practical layout. For example, Zhanjiang's distinctive oyster shell wall, oyster shell window and Xuwen coral house all have the influence of marine culture in specific Lingnan area.

Three? Natural?

Different from the royal gardens and the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, most of the gardens in the south of the mountain are located in rural areas or mountainous areas, showing obvious natural orientation, reflecting the idea of taking nature as beauty in traditional aesthetics, and having similarities with the aesthetics in Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts.

At the same time, Lingnan traditional culture is influenced by Confucius' Confucianism and Qu Yuan's "Chu Sao" aesthetics. It pursues the beauty of things and the artificiality of art, which is reflected in the extensive and meticulous decoration performance in traditional art. Decorated floor tiles and tiles can be seen everywhere in the courtyard, and geometric patterns, flower patterns, moire patterns, diamond patterns and other styles are rich; The courtyard likes to be decorated with all kinds of carvings and plastics. Take the gray plastic peculiar to Lingnan area as an example. A wide range of subjects, mostly animal shapes, decorated on the roof. This can be inferred from the compactness and impermeability of lime. The gray plastic on the early roof was probably a layer of mortar applied to cover up the connection defects of roof tiles and prevent rainwater from infiltrating, and then gradually shaped the color of the plastic. At the same time, the gray plastic material is light, does not bring pressure to the eaves, and is very decorative, so it is mostly used in Lingnan quadrangles.