The first day of the second book geography knowledge points =

Unit 6 The continent where we live-Asia

I geographical location, topography and rivers in Asia

1. Location:

① Hemispheric location of Asia: Most of Asia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere, but it spans both the Eastern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. ② Latitude position of Asia: Asia is roughly located between 10s-80n, spanning tropical, temperate and frigid zones, and is the continent with the highest latitude in the world. ③ Land and sea location: Asia borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south and Europe in the west. The dividing lines are the Urals, ural river, the Great Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Turkish Strait and the Mediterranean Sea. It is adjacent to Africa across the Suez Canal in the southwest, North America across the Bering Strait in the east, and Oceania across the sea in the southeast. Asia is the farthest continent from east to west.

2. Area: Asia is the largest continent in the world. The seven continents are arranged in size: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and European seas.

3. Geographical division: traditionally, Asia is divided into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia. The following table shows the regions and countries:

Regional countries

China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan in East Asia.

Southeast Asia Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, etc.

South Asia Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc.

West Asia Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Kuwait, etc.

Part of Russia in North Asia

4. Terrain:

(1) Topographic features: Plateau and mountains are the main areas, with high average elevation; The land fluctuates greatly, including Mount Everest (8844 meters), the highest mountain in the world, and the Dead Sea (400 meters), the lowest in the world. It is the continent with the largest ground fluctuation in the world. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

(2) The highest mountain in the world is in Asia: the Himalayas; The highest mountain: Mount Everest; The highest plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; The largest saltwater lake: Caspian Sea; The deepest and largest freshwater lake: Lake Baikal; Lowest point of land surface: Dead Sea; The largest peninsula: Arabian Peninsula; The largest archipelago: Malay archipelago; The largest landlocked country: Kazakhstan; The most populous country: China; The longest canal: Beijing-Hangzhou Canal)

5. Rivers: Asian rivers are influenced by topography, mostly originating from the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially into the sea along the topography. The main rivers flow in the following table:

Characteristics of river flow into the ocean

The length and flow of the Yangtze River from west to east ranks first in Asia and third in the Pacific world.

The Yellow River is 5500 kilometers long from east to west, and it is the second longest river in China, the Pacific Ocean.

Mekong River is called Lancang River from northwest to southeast in China, and Asia flows through the Pacific Ocean, which is the largest river flowing through the country.

Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River are located in northern Asia from south to north, with high latitudes, and the ice age of rivers in the Arctic Ocean is longer in winter.

The Ganges River is located in the south of Asia and flows through the Indian Ocean of India and Bangladesh from west to east.

The Indus River is located in southern Asia from north to south and flows through the Indian Ocean in Pakistan.

Second, the complex climate.

1. Climate characteristics:

① The climate is complex and diverse: Asia spans the cold zone, temperate zone and tropical zone, borders the ocean on the east, north and south, and goes deep into the Eurasian continent in the southwest; The terrain is complex and diverse. Affected by latitude, land and sea distribution and topography, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse. Except temperate maritime climate, all kinds of climate in the world are distributed in Asia.

② The monsoon climate is remarkable: Asia is backed by Eurasia, the largest land in the world, and close to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world. The temperature difference between the ocean and the land is remarkable, forming the most typical monsoon climate zone in the world. Tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are all distributed, among which tropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are only distributed in Asia.

(3) Continental climate distribution (temperate continental climate accounts for almost half of Asia): Asia is the largest continent in the world, with a vast area, and the inland is far away from the ocean and is less affected by the ocean. The inland temperature rises rapidly in summer and cools rapidly in winter, so Leng Xia is hot in winter. Because the inland is far away from the sea, it is difficult for ocean water vapor to reach, so the precipitation is less and concentrated in summer.

2. Impact of climate on agriculture: In Asia, the impact of monsoon climate on agriculture is particularly prominent. In the monsoon climate regions of East and South Asia, precipitation is closely related to the strength of summer monsoon. Generally speaking, in the year with strong summer monsoon, there are more water vapor and precipitation from the ocean; On the contrary, in the year when the summer monsoon is weak, there is less precipitation. If there is too much precipitation, it may cause floods; On the contrary, if there is too little precipitation, drought may occur. Therefore, the simultaneous rain and heat in East Asia and South Asia (monsoon region) make crops grow vigorously, but under the influence of unstable summer monsoon, droughts and floods often occur, which seriously threatens agricultural production.

Highlights: (l) The world's most populous continent: Asia's population is 6 1%.

① The world's continents or regions are ranked as Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania according to their population. Ranked by the average natural population growth rate: Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

② There are 10 countries with a global population of over 10, of which 6 are located in Asia: China and Japan in East Asia, Indonesia in Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in South Asia.

(3) the impact of large population on resources and environment:

2. Diversified regional culture: There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total ethnic groups in the world (ethnic groups in different regions show different cultural and artistic styles and different folk customs in architecture, clothing, music, dance and etiquette). Such as: earthquake-resistant buildings in Japan, tents and robes in Saudi Arabia. The Yellow River in Asia-the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Indus Valley and the Mesopotamian Plain (two river basins) have become the cradles of human civilization respectively because of their suitable temperate or tropical climate, abundant water resources and fertile land.

3. Economic development: Asia is a developing country except Japan. The economic development of different countries varies greatly. The main reason is that all countries except Japan have been under colonial rule for a long time, and their industrial base is generally weak. Since 1970s, the economies of Singapore, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand have developed rapidly.

Chapter 7: Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Question 1: natural environment characteristics of Japan

1. Territorial composition: It consists of four large islands, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and more than 3,900 small islands and their surrounding waters.

Major cities are distributed along the coast, such as Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Kitakyushu and Nagasaki.

3. Topographic features: mainly hills and mountains. The plain area is narrow and distributed in coastal areas. Guandong Ping was originally the largest plain in Japan.

4. Many excellent harbors: the coastal waters are tortuous, and many excellent harbors, especially the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea, are the best, which are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties. Kobe and Yokohama are the two most important foreign trade ports.

5. Multi-volcanic earthquake: Japan is located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, and its crustal movement is relatively active, belonging to the volcanic earthquake belt around the Pacific Ocean. So there are many volcanoes and earthquakes in Japan. There are more than 1500 felt earthquakes every year. Known as "the country of earthquakes" and "the world volcano museum". Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in Japan, is an active volcano. It is also the highest mountain in Japan, and the Japanese people regard it as a "holy mountain".

6. Japan's north and south land is long and narrow, and it intersects with the longitude. Most of Japan is between 23 and 46 degrees north latitude. Wide latitude and longitude will make Japan's geographical environment more complex and diverse. For example, the latitude is wide, the temperature difference between north and south in Japan is large, the longitude is wide, and the time difference between east and west is large.

Question 2: Japan's economy

1, unfavorable and favorable conditions for Japan's economic development. Japan is a small country with poor mineral resources such as iron ore, oil and coal, and most of them rely on imports. The domestic market is small, and most products are exported. However, Japan also has the advantages of developing its economy: a, there are many harbors in island countries and convenient shipping; B, the quality of labor force is high; C, high management efficiency.

2. "Import-processing-export" economic model. With the rapid economic development, Japan imports a large number of raw materials and fuels, and then relies on high technology and sufficient labor resources to process the imported raw materials into high-quality industrial products, which are then sold all over the world, forming an economy dominated by processing trade. The foreign trade targets are mainly the United States, China and Europe.

In recent years, Japan has accelerated the expansion of overseas investment and established overseas production and sales bases. Japan's main investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Benefits: ① Use cheap resources and cheap labor in developing countries to reduce production costs; (two) to participate in international economic and technological cooperation and international market competition; (3) protect the national natural resources, slow down the consumption of resources and protect the national resources; ④ Reduce the input of transportation cost. Impact on other countries: ① Japan's relocation of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; (2) Japan has a strong awareness of protecting its own resources from its own interests, but importing a large amount of wood or overfishing in the ocean will lead to serious damage to the resources of other countries and regions in the world, which will lead to global ecological environment imbalance.

4. Characteristics and reasons of industrial distribution: Japanese industries are concentrated in the narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

Advantages and disadvantages of Japanese economy: Japan's economy is heavily dependent on foreign countries. The favorable influence is that it can promote the rapid improvement of Japan's scientific and technological level and the improvement of labor quality, thus making Japanese industrial products more competitive in the international market; The adverse impact is the occurrence of the world economic crisis, which will inevitably cause heavy losses to the Japanese economy.

Question 3: Geographical location, rivers and cities in Southeast Asia.

1. Intersection location: Southeast Asia includes Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The southern part of Indian zhina Peninsula is also called Malay Peninsula. Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" of Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Especially the Malacca Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island is a natural waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is a sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Japan calls it "the lifeline of the sea".

2. Southeast Asian countries: there are 1 1 countries in Southeast Asia. Among them, China borders Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam; The only landlocked country is Laos; Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, known as the "country of thousands of islands".

3. Relationship between rivers and cities: The big cities in Indo-China Peninsula are mainly distributed along the river and in the estuary delta.

4. Tropical climate and agricultural production

Question 4: Characteristics of India's natural environment

1, the second most populous country in the world: India is an ancient civilization with the second most populous country in the world. A large population puts great pressure on resources, environment and economic development. Therefore, the Indian government chose the family planning policy.

2. Location: ① Most of them are located between10on-30on, mainly distributed in tropical areas. ② Land and sea location: south of Eurasia, north of Indian Ocean, east of Bay of Bengal and west of Arabian Sea.

3. Topography: It is divided into three parts: Himalayas in the north, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south.

4. Major rivers: The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows into the Bay of Bengal from northwest to southeast.

5. Self-sufficiency in food production: Since the implementation of the "Green Revolution" in India, food is not only self-sufficient, but also has a certain surplus for export. The main products are rice and wheat. Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges plain and coastal plain, and wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges and the northwest of Deccan Plateau.

6. Climate: tropical monsoon climate is dominant, with high temperature all year round, and a year is divided into obvious dry season and rainy season. From June to September every year, the southwest monsoon prevails and there is a lot of precipitation, which is the rainy season. From 10 to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails, which is a dry season with little rain. There are frequent floods and droughts in India, mainly caused by the instability of southwest monsoon (weak southwest monsoon, coming late and leaving early, resulting in drought; On the contrary, it will form a flood.

Question 5: Russia's geographical location, topography, climate and rivers.

1, geographical location: Russia has a high latitude, and most of it is located in the north temperate zone. Across Asia and Europe, but also across the eastern and western hemispheres. It faces the Baltic Sea in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, and North America across the Bering Strait and the Black Sea in the southwest. The main neighboring countries are Finland, Belarus and Ukraine in the west and Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea in the south. It has a vast territory and is the largest country in the world.

2. European countries across the Eurasian continent: Although the area of Europe is only 1/4, its population accounts for 3/4. Industry, agriculture, capital and major cities are all located in Europe and have always been the political, economic and cultural centers of the country in history. So it has always been recognized as a European country.

3. Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plains and plateaus. Rivers and mountains have become an important dividing line between topographic regions.

4. Rivers and lakes: There are four major rivers in Russia. The "Mother River" Volga River is located in the plain of Eastern Europe and flows into the Caspian Sea from north to south. It is the longest river in Europe and a famous inland river. Abundant flow, gentle flow and high shipping value. Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River flow into the Arctic Ocean from south to north. The main lakes are: Caspian Sea (the largest lake in the world and the largest inland (saltwater lake) and Lake Baikal (the deepest lake in the world).

5. Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant. Because of the high latitude, the winter is long and cold, and the summer is short and warm.

Question 6: Resources, industry and transportation in Russia.

1. Resources: Russia is rich in natural resources and reserves, and it is one of the few self-sufficient countries in the world. The main mineral deposits are: Kursk Iron Mine, Second Baku Oilfield, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine.

2. Industry: The heavy industry is developed, the consumer goods manufacturing industry is developing slowly, and the industry is mainly distributed in Europe. Four industrial zones: ① the industrial zone centered on Moscow; (2) an industrial zone centered on St. Petersburg; ③ Ural Industrial Zone; ④ Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

3. Transportation: Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railway, highway, aviation, inland river and pipeline transportation, mainly railway transportation. Some railway networks in Europe are dense and radiate from Moscow. Some railway networks in Asia are sparse, mainly trans-Siberian railway (Eurasian continental bridge).

4. Major cities: Moscow (capital, largest city), St. Petersburg (second largest city), Murmansk (year-round ice-free port), Vladivostok, Volgograd (Volga River port).

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

First, the Middle East has become a long-term hot issue.

1. Important geographical location: land of two oceans, three continents and five seas. The Middle East is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe. It is surrounded by the Caspian Sea (the largest saltwater lake in the world), the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and the Turkish Strait connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Its strategic position is very important.

2. Abundant oil resources: The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world. This is also the reason why some big countries compete.

① The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, and the main oil-producing countries are the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Egypt and other countries;

Most of the oil in the Middle East is transported by tankers from the ports along the Persian Gulf to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy.

③ Oil export route: A: To Japan.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Indian Ocean → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japanese.

B: to western Europe and America

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Manderhan Canyon → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

C: to western Europe and America.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

3. Abundant water resources: it is the fuse of war, and it is also the restrictive factor of developing agriculture in this area. The Middle East is located on the west coast, within the mainland through which the Tropic of Cancer passes. It is hot and dry all year round, with tropical desert climate as the main climate, and only the narrow Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast. The scarcity of water resources has a great impact on the production and even people's lives in Middle East countries.

4. An important cause of instability in the Middle East.

The race in the Middle East is mainly white, but most ethnic groups gather here, and all ethnic groups have their own religious beliefs and customs. Most residents in the Middle East believe in Islam, and a few residents believe in Christianity, Judaism and other religions.

Residents of most countries and regions in the Middle East, mainly Arabs, believe in Islam. These countries are called "Arab countries". Jews are concentrated in Israel and mainly believe in Judaism. Persians are mainly distributed in Iran, and their owners believe in Islam. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the holy city of Islam. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

Two. Countries, Industry and Tourism in Western Europe

1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe accounts for about half of Europe, with a dense population and many countries, most of which are developed countries. In order to further strengthen ties, a regional international organization, the European Union (EU), was established in this region. It has 25 member countries, all of which are economically developed countries. The EU plays an important role in the world economy and international political arena.

2. Developed industries, mainly processing and manufacturing industries. There is a high proportion of people engaged in manufacturing in western Europe. There are many industrial centers and dense fabrics, which are distributed in a cross shape. From Britain to Poland, from Scandinavia to Italy, it has formed a world-famous industrial labor-intensive zone.

3. Prosperous tourism: Western Europe is rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. The sunny Mediterranean seaside scenic spots and beaches in southern Europe, and the winding fjords in northern Europe are fascinating; The towering Alps in the middle are good places for mountaineering and skiing. Unique customs, ancient castles, solemn churches and numerous museums make Western Europe a developed region for world tourism. France, Spain and Italy have become three famous tourist countries in Europe.

Three. Topography, Climate and Agriculture in Western Europe

1. Topography: The terrain is low and flat, mainly plain. The plain is distributed in the middle, bounded by the Rhine River, the western Europe plain in the west and the Bode plain in the east. These mountains are mainly distributed in the southern and northern peninsulas. There are Scandinavian mountains in the north and Alps in the south. The Alps run east-west, which is conducive to the warm and humid air flow from the Atlantic Ocean to the inland.

2. Climate: The temperate continental climate is dominant, with warm winter and cool summer, abundant annual precipitation and even seasonal distribution.

3, the relationship between the three:

Located on the west coast of mid-latitude continent → temperate maritime climate; The terrain dominated by plains → juicy grass and grassland are widely distributed → animal husbandry is developed.

Four. Sub-Saharan Africa

1. This area is located in the low latitude between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The terrain is mainly plateau, and the altitude is mostly above 1000 meters. The terrain is high in the east and south, and low in the middle and west.

The climate in this area is mainly tropical, so it is the hometown of many tropical cash crops, such as coffee and cocoa. In addition, many mineral resources in this area occupy an important position in the world, such as diamonds and copper.

3. Single commodity economy: ① Concept: an economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products; Disadvantages: the low price of primary products and the high price of industrial finished products restrict the development of domestic handling economy; ③ Reasons: the long-term rule and control of colonialists; ④ Way out: develop diversified agriculture and revitalize national industries.

This area has the highest natural population growth rate in the world. The population growth is too fast, which exceeds the growth rate of food and economy, and constitutes an increasingly serious population problem and food problem. Due to the long-term rule and control of colonialism, the science and technology in this area are backward, the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry is very low, and food can never be self-sufficient. However, the population is growing too fast and needs more food and meat, so people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand the cultivated land area, or overgrazing, which leads to the decline of soil fertility and grassland degradation, aggravates land desertification and gradually deteriorates the ecological environment. Solution: control population; Improve the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry; Protect the natural environment.

Verb (short for verb) Australia

1. Topography: As can be seen from the topographic map, the topography of eastern, central and western Australia is different. There is a great watershed from north to south in the east. Murray river, the largest river in China, rises west of the Great Divide and flows southwest into the Indian Ocean. There is a world-famous Great Barrier Reef on the northeast coast. The vast low plateau in the west accounts for about half of the national area. The middle is a large area of plain, and the lowest place is Lake Ayr. There are few rivers on the plain, but groundwater is abundant. When a well is dug in a low-lying area in the middle of the plain, groundwater can automatically flow out of the ground and become a artesian well, so people also call it "great artesian basin".

2. Terrain and agriculture and animal husbandry: the western part is a vast low plateau with an altitude of less than 1000m, and the central part is a large plain with abundant groundwater and excellent grassland, and there are no large carnivores, so it is suitable for grazing in an open fence.

3. Climate and agriculture and animal husbandry: The central, western and northern parts of Australia are vast tropical desert climate and hot grassland climate areas, which are relatively dry and suitable for livestock wintering and reproduction. The southeast is hot and rainy in summer and mild and humid in winter; Southwest China is mild and humid in winter and hot and dry in summer, which is suitable for both animal husbandry and planting, so mixed agriculture has been developed in these areas.

4. Country on the back of sheep: Australia has the most sheep and exported wool in the world.

5. The natural reason for the great difference in sheep raising areas in Australia: more than 70% of sheep in Australia are concentrated in the mixed management areas along the southeast coast, and there are relatively few sheep raising in other vast areas. Because the terrain in the southeast and southwest is relatively flat, the climate in the southwest is suitable, and there is abundant rainfall in other areas. Although the southeast region is located in the rain shadow area of a large watershed, water diversion irrigation can meet the needs of wheat planting and animal husbandry utilization, which is conducive to the development of mixed agriculture in this region.

6. World Museum of Living Fossils: Australia is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, surrounded by the sea, with an area of 7.68 million square kilometers. It is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent. Tens of millions of years ago, the Australian mainland separated from other continents and developed independently. For a long time, the natural conditions are relatively simple, the evolution of animals is slow, and there is no invasion of large carnivores. Many rare primitive animals were born and multiplied to this day. Endemic animals are kangaroos, emus, koalas, platypus and so on.

7. The country sitting on the harvester: Australia is rich in mineral resources, and many mineral reserves rank among the top in the world, such as iron ore in the west; Coal mines on the east coast and bauxite mines in the northeast. The exploitation and export of Australian mineral products also occupy an important position in the world.

Chapter VI Asia, the continent where we live.