What are the methods of identification of official kilns

The official kiln in the broad sense refers to the kiln opened by the imperial court, in the narrow sense, the Northern Song Dynasty, Daguan, Zhenghe years, the government in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) to open the porcelain kiln. The official kiln is one of the five ancient Chinese porcelain kilns (Chai kiln, Ru kiln, official kiln, brother kiln, Ding kiln). Do you know how to identify the official kiln? The following is the identification of the official kiln I organized for you, I hope to help you.

The method of identification of the official kiln

1, the shape and general appearance: the Song Dynasty modeling. Mostly used for rituals or furnishings, but also some daily necessities. Generally summarized as thick tire thick glaze, thick tire thin glaze, thin tire thin glaze, thin tire thick glaze, as well as tire is not too thick (3.5 mm or so) glaze is not too thick (0.8 mm or so) moderate type. Glaze color variety. The glaze is glistening like jade. The glaze is open, large-scale pattern more. Inside and outside the glaze and grain. Similar to the brother kiln porcelain easy to mix dishes, but a closer look can be recognized. In the firing method for the pad firing (using sagger burning, the bottom of the gasket) or wrapped feet (glaze will be all wrapped around the bottom feet do not show the tire) support nail firing. Nail firing bottom left nail marks, the number of nails for three, five, seven or more vary.

2, tire color and tire bone: Song official kiln porcelain tire color from the heirloom and kiln site excavation of the two cases, for the black, black and purple, gray and black, incense gray, light ochre, gray (including dark gray), gray and white (some tend to be white), earth yellow (including brown and yellow red). The number of black tires is limited, while a significant portion of the fragrant gray, gray, gray and white color.

3, glaze and glaze: glaze layer has two kinds of thick and thin, thin less than 1 millimeter, thicker than 1 millimeter, but are thicker than the kiln porcelain and Ru kiln porcelain. Glaze is divided into three categories. The first category for the loss of translucent moist type. That is, the glaze transparency has been very weak or disappeared, the glaze is jade state like congealed fat or pile of wax, there is a layer of more obvious ghee light flickering or wax light, appear very warm and jade. The second category for the loss of translucent crystal type, refers to the first category on the basis of some of the artifacts in the loss of translucent glaze layer containing a layer of very thin shiny glaze water, in the jade state on the appearance of a layer of light such as pasty infiltration, presenting a glass-like crystalline sense of splendor, or in the jargon, that is, the glaze is good. The third category for Yingrun type. This type of glaze layer clear jade moist, glossy, slightly transparent, glaze layer thin and thick are. In the first, two types of loss of translucent moist type or crystal type, the glaze layer tends to be thicker, also tends to be thin; some of the luster is a little more, some of the luster is a little weaker. In particular, part of the authentic artifacts glaze surface with similar sesame flower diffuse form of dots white or with yellow flash blue earth Qin flower spots, wipe off, this is due to the glaze contains onyx sake, in the Ru porcelain also have this phenomenon. Where the above glaze layer thick, are fired by multiple glaze, the difficulty is great, because of the firing of thick glaze tunica very difficult and easy to disperse, today we see some of the fine products whose glaze is thick such as congealed grease as smooth, especially its presentation of jade such as wax crispy light BaoHao effect, is the later generations of imitations can not be done.

4, glaze color: because of the two Song kilns more and different, color complexity, pinkish green, shrimp green, beige, honey yellow, green, moon white and other colors mostly, including pinkish green, beige, honey yellow, green and other colors are the most attractive. In the above colors, there are either dark or light color varieties. There are also a variety of other colors.

5, open piece: a large open piece, small open piece, a small piece of large ware for the expensive, small piece of large ware for the strange. Specifically divided into three kinds, the first for the opening of the size of the piece, that is, the collector said Wenwu piece, that is, in the same ware glaze table open size of the two kinds of grain piece, a large piece of very large and sparse, small piece of very small and concentrated. The corner of the open slice of the edge of the triangle, four angles, five angles, hexagonal or three sides, four sides, five sides, six sides, the formation of no rules of the unequal shape. The edges of the open flakes are curved and swirling, and the corners of the open flakes are either blunt or pointed in different shapes. The second for all large, all in the piece or all small piece, open piece size difference is not too big, open piece corner edge situation with the first (this second open piece situation can be covered with artifacts all over the body or most). The third kind of open ice cracks (similar to ice or mica layer cracking), a hundred trash fragments, belonging to the grain piece of a smaller area almost trivial and a strong sense of luster of a class (from the excavated remains and heirlooms in recent years, there are some of the more special obviously with the nature of the Ru kiln and the Song kiln features of the ice cracks, a hundred trash broken grain artifacts, the collection of the world borrowed called Ru official kiln porcelain. Official kiln in the Ru official porcelain with the public familiarly known as the Ru kiln in the Ru official porcelain or official Ru porcelain is different, this call is not necessarily appropriate). This kind of ware glaze is a little thicker than the usual Ru porcelain, with a certain luster and slight transparency, tire color for the ash, firing method is also a support nail or pad firing, wrapped feet or feet.

6, lines: open cracks continue to extend the curved or swirling lines. The most representative for the crab claw pattern, that is, the pattern from a point to the multi-faceted radiation extension of the curved branch of the form. It is called? Nine curves and eighteen bends. Some artifacts often have a stripe from the bottom of the zigzag extension to the top of the continuous, or halfway back to the bottom of the fold, also known as this pattern for the cowhair pattern (in addition to the color of the next article described in the color of the cowhair, more emphasis on the form of its more varied). But most of the ordinary open grain, some call it a tortoise back pattern, based on the size of the open piece of the trend formation, or the size of its encircling area is about the same, or a greater difference. But in general, the grain state is more active.

7, grain color: eel blood, fish roe yellow, blood black, black, gold wire, white crack and other colors. The most famous for eel blood color or cowhair color, that is, the color of the eel's stained blood or cowhair color, is thousands of years in the cracks from the internal gradual generation of their own, is the result of natural changes, that is, the tire within the old color for a long time seeped out of the magnifying glass you can clearly see this, like the deep clamped in the cracks between the brown has been coagulated rust (brown reddish or yellowish shades of brown belonging to the cowhair lines of the color of the lines of the darker, lighter, and whitened. Some lines, some lines become white, as the natural state of the cow hair), between or with newly generated white cracks, and then after a few hundred years will gradually generate the color of eel blood (e.g., some artifacts eel blood is not all full or continuous generation, many of which are in the continuation of the white cracks in the continuation of the generation of change). Eel blood color of this old rust sense of identification is very effective, often play a very key role in the attributes of an authentic. In addition, there are many white cracked artifacts, the color of the grain is white or colorless state.

8, vapor bubbles: the loss of translucent moist type, for example. Its characteristics as the ancient description of the type of Song official kiln porcelain vapor bubble said? Poly foam save beads? Form, visible under magnification, such as blowing out the liquid foam like a bubble next to a bubble, such as the following three:

1) fine and dense. Vapor bubbles are very small and dense. 30 times magnification as if the dense tiny needle tips tightly packed together. 80 times magnification, such as cooking rice porridge, vapor bubbles are divided into layers, the upper layer of bubbles as if from the cooked atomized rice grains in the stomach, and the lower layer of smaller bubbles immersed in the fuzzy foggy background.

(2) Foggy shape (hard to see vapor bubbles). 30 times magnification under a flat and fuzzy as fog. Some very small bubbles can be seen floating on the surface or difficult to see bubbles. 80 times magnification can be seen in the depth of the spherical white fog buried in a small number of different sizes, shades of different levels of bubbles. More than normal? Gathering foam and saving beads? The amount of bubbles is much less, but also specialize in this type of 30 times magnification can not see how many bubbles as no bubble type.

(3) dense shape. 30 times magnification can be seen under the bubble dense close to the array, the bubble is slightly larger than the first, the individual can occasionally see one or two large bubbles in a certain area, can be called? The bubbles can be seen under 30x magnification, and are slightly larger than the first type. 80 times magnification visible multi-layer bubble, large bubbles on the top, small and medium-sized bubbles in the bottom, outside the bubble are fog filled with adhesion.

Introduction to the official kiln porcelain

In the history of Chinese ceramics,? Official Kiln? and ? Official Porcelain are two completely different concepts, the two are a cross rather than overlap.

? Official Porcelain? Is a specific predicate, referring to the Song Da Guan and political and during the years in Bianliang set up by the official kilns made porcelain, celadon glaze color crystal vigilant, cracked or ice flakes, powder green purple mouth iron foot is its characteristics. Such as: the official kiln out of the war halberd, this porcelain and Ru porcelain, Gao porcelain, Song Jun porcelain, Ding porcelain is known as China's five famous porcelain.

After the Southern Song dynasty across the river, the northern kilns were destroyed in the war, Jingde years ago, giving the name of the town of Changnan, Jiangxi? Jingdezhen? Yuan Dynasty Kublai and set up here in the Fu Liang Porcelain Bureau, in addition to the Royal exclusive manufacturing, but also the war captured all the ceramics industry craftsmen are assigned to Changnan residence, on this basis, after nearly a thousand years of development, this has a unique kaolin resources Changnan town, officially become the concentration of China's official kilns, the millennium kiln has been continued to today, to create a lineage of distinctive Changnan bloom.

Northern Song official kilns

Official kilns from the Tang, there are two meanings, one refers to the tribute ware, one refers to the official factory. Since the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (eighth century AD ~ 14th century), the official kiln more tribute ware, less official factory, the form is taken? Official supervision of the people burning? The form adopted was "government supervise and people burn", and the porcelain burned out, "the government supervise and people burn". Thousands in the selection of ten, a hundred in the selection of one? , tribute to the ruling class. This porcelain is called tribute porcelain and official kilns. At that time, the Tang Dynasty in the porcelain production area with the Secretary, such as the Tang Jinglong early (AD 707 ~ 709 years) Chu Sui for the new Ping (Jingdezhen) Secretary, by imperial decree supervise the burning of Xianling sacrificial vessels. Song Dynasty set up a monitor, such as the Taiping Xingguo years (AD 976 ~ 983 years), sent before the Palace Chengji Zhao Renji supervise the Yuezhou kiln business. In the Yuan Dynasty, a bureau was set up to supervise the pottery, which was later changed to the chief of this set. They fired the ? Jingde Nianzhi? The first is the "Jinde Nianzhi", which was made in the late 19th century. Pivotal? And other styles of porcelain, respectively, known as? Jingde kiln? The name "Jinde kiln" is used to refer to the style of ceramics. Jufu kiln? and so on.

The official kiln is said to have different connotations in the history of ancient Chinese ceramics. In a broad sense, it is different from the kilns and kilns dedicated to the official porcelain kiln, its products for the palace monopoly. In the Song dynasty porcelain, the official kiln that is a kind of specialization, refers to the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty in the capital city of Bianjing (Bianliang, now Kaifeng) and Lin'an (now Hangzhou) by the palace kiln burned celadon, so there is also a? Old Official? and? New official? The former for the Northern Song official kilns, the latter for the Southern Song official kilns.

The official kilns were made in Bianliang during the Song dynasty in the years of Daguan and Zhenghe, and the celadon glaze is crystal clear, cracked or ice flakes, and the powdered green and purple mouths are characterized by iron.

Song room moved south in the Phoenix Hill set up official kilns, also known as Xiu Nai Si kilns or kilns, set up under the suburban altar under the suburban altar official kilns, more shapes, there is a diameter of more than a foot of large products.

Southern Song official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty has established? Xiu Nei Si kiln? and? Suburbanshi kiln? Southern Song official kilns, the tire is black, dark gray, light gray, beige, etc., there are thick and thin points, the tire is delicate. The glaze is milky, with many open flakes, and the glaze colors are pinkish green, light green, grayish green, moonlight white, and beige. Because of the mouth of the thin glaze, slightly exposed purple; and the use of scraping glaze pad firing, foot on the exposed tire and was partial hematite color, so there are? Purple iron foot? The name.

In addition to bowls, plates, dishes, wash and other daily utensils, there are also imitation of the Shang and Zhou bronze zun, tripod, furnace, goblet and other furnishings porcelain and ritual ritual rituals.

To date, Hangzhou, Phoenix Foothills, there are still: the Southern Song Dynasty kilns Tiger Cave kiln site, the Southern Song Dynasty kilns under the suburb of the kiln site, and other historical sites, are now national cultural relics protection units

In the Southern Song Dynasty kilns under the suburb of the kiln site in Hangzhou, the Southern Song Dynasty kiln museum.