Fujian speaks Minnan dialect, while Guangdong and Hong Kong speak Cantonese. Are they the same?

Characteristics of Minnan dialect:

Minnan dialect, also known as Heluo dialect or Taiwan dialect, has a population of about 60 million. Minnan dialect is mainly distributed in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Datian, Sanming, Youxi, Longyan, Zhangping and most parts of Taiwan Province Province in southern Fujian, with a population of nearly 30 million. In addition, most overseas Chinese also communicate with Cantonese in Minnan dialect. In the famous Chinatown all over the world, the languages used are Minnan dialect and Cantonese. As the second largest language system in China besides Chinese, Minnan dialect plays an irreplaceable role. At present, Taiwan Province Province is vigorously strengthening the research and development of Minnan dialect. Many of China's famous poems and other ancient poems should be read aloud in Minnan, so that they can have beautiful phonology.

The origin and history of Minnan dialect: Before the Han Dynasty, Minnan dialect was the indigenous of Guyue nationality. It was the first great disaster of the Han nationality in the Central Plains-the "Yongjia Rebellion" in the second year of Yongjia in the Jin Dynasty (308). The gentry of the Central Plains crossed south, and eight surnames, Lin, Chen, Huang, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He and Hu, took the lead in Fujian, bringing the Yellow River to the Central Plains. Later, Hou Jing's rebellion, Sui and Tang Chinese when he entered Fujian in 1969, and Wang Gushi's entry into Fujian to establish Fujian infiltrated and merged together to form the present Minnan dialect. The origin of the above-mentioned entry into Fujian is recorded in detail in the genealogy of Fujian surnames such as Chen, Lin and Huang. There are many ancient Chinese in Minnan dialect, so it is called "the living fossil of language" by academic circles. Minnan language has always been valued by linguists at home and abroad. This is of great significance to the phonetic construction of ancient Chinese, the interpretation of ancient books and the study of Chinese history.

Minnan dialect is distributed in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Datian, Youxi in southern Fujian and Longyan and Zhangping in western Fujian, as well as in Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taoyuan, Miaoli, Keelung, Nantou, Pingtung, Changhua, Hualien, Chiayi, Yilan, Yunlin, Taitung, Hsinchu and Penghu in Taiwan Province Province. The user population is nearly 30 million. Shantou, Chaozhou, Chenghai, Chaoan, Raoping, South Australia, Puning, Huilai, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Jiedong, Jiexi, Liuhe, Shanwei, Lufeng and Haifeng in the east of Guangdong Province. The user population is about100000. Zhanjiang, Haikang, Xuwen, Suixi, Lianjiang, Maoming, Wuchuan, Dianbai and other counties and cities in Leizhou Peninsula in southern Guangdong have a population of over 4 million. The population of Haikou, Qiongshan, Wenchang, Tunchang, Qionghai, Ding 'an, Wanning, Chengmai, Changjiang, Dongfang, Ledong, Lvshui, Baisha, Yaxian, Baoning, Qiongzhong, Lingao and Danxian in Hainan Province exceeds 4 million. In Wenzhou, Cangnan, Pingyang, Taishun, Dongtou, Yuhuan and other counties and cities in Zhejiang, about 6.5438+0.5 million people speak Minnan dialect. About 40,000 people speak Minnan in Huzi Town, Sanqing Township and Nanshan Township, Yushan County, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province. The Minnan Island in other areas of Shangrao has almost disappeared, and it has been basically assimilated by the local language for the language of the elderly. There are no more than 654.38+10,000 people who speak Minnan in Shangrao. Nearly 300,000 people in Liuzhou, Pingnan, Pingle and Luchuan speak Minnan dialect. There are hundreds of thousands in Hong Kong and Macao. Overseas Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries in Southeast Asia have a population of at least100000. Minnan can be spoken all over Singapore, but the local elderly English speakers are not very good at it. Chinese is also an important local auxiliary language.

What language is Minnan dialect? Some people say it's "Fulao dialect" and some people say it's "raccoon dialect" as far back as 1500 years ago, or even earlier. In order to escape the war, the Han people in Luoshui Central Plains of the Yellow River moved to Gwangju, Henan Province. Their culture was brought here by their descendants, then moved to Minnan, and finally crossed the Strait to Taiwan Province Province. Minnan, Taiwan Province Province and other places inherit this culture in the way that we are used to calling it "Minnan dialect". In the long history of the traditional culture of the motherland, the significance of Minnan language lies in that our ancestors avoided the language reform brought about by the ethnic integration of the Central Plains during the great migration, and completely preserved the ancient Chinese pronunciation of the Han Dynasty, that is, the standard pronunciation of the Central Plains, which is nothing more than the classics of Minnan language that we can't use up now. The following is the crystallization of national wisdom such as San, Qian, Da Xue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Songs, Shangshu, The Book of Rites and Tang Poetry, among which The Analects of Confucius is full of philosophy of life. What's more worth mentioning is that the language used in the translation of Buddhist scriptures at that time was the Central Plains Chinese in the early Tang Dynasty, and the "Heluo dialect" used in Minnan dialect was the "mother tongue" of Central Plains Chinese in the Tang Dynasty. Later, Buddhist scriptures were spread to Japan by Japanese students with katakana, but it is useless so far. Today, Japanese people recite Buddhist scriptures and recite poems in Minnan dialect and pronounce them in Chinese, which is similar to that of Minnan people. This is enough to explain why many Buddhist scriptures are transliterated or reported in Putonghua, but they are easy to understand in Minnan dialect. This is why many mages often lament that the loss of Chinese pronunciation in Minnan dialect is a great loss to those who recite Buddhist scriptures. Proud, today's Minnan language has become one of the representatives of 60 major languages on the earth, and it has also been recorded on the gold-plated record of the "Releaser" spacecraft launched by the United States in 1997, looking for bosom friends in the vast galaxy. Professor Li Rulong, a language expert who takes Minnan as the Chinese reference system, said that Minnan language contains many elements of ancient Chinese, whether it is pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar. In this regard, relevant experts have made a relatively full comparison. Learning ancient Chinese and mastering the accent of Fujian dialect, especially Minnan dialect, has more advantages than understanding dialects in other regions. For example, "Ding" usually refers to an iron pot in ancient Chinese, and the pronunciation of Minnan dialect is consistent with that of ancient Chinese. But people in other places are not as convenient to understand as people in southern Fujian. Professor Li said that modern industrial Chinese, which evolved from ancient Chinese, has a deep relationship with Minnan dialect. If we can master the characteristics of Minnan language and compare it with modern Chinese, we can accelerate the understanding and mastery of modern Chinese. In early Chinese teaching, we usually start with pronunciation, and then understand the meaning and meaning of words from the perspective of the connection between Putonghua and dialects. Now this method has been forgotten or even abandoned. Many people think that dialects will interfere with Chinese learning, but this is actually a misunderstanding. For example, if you don't understand or speak Minnan dialect, your Mandarin may not be standard. A problem worthy of attention is that in the current Chinese teaching in primary and secondary schools, most teachers are good at the comparative teaching of dialects and Chinese, and exclude the function and role of dialect-assisted teaching. Professor Li said that splendid Chinese culture is mainly expressed in Chinese, but it also contains excellent regional cultural characteristics expressed in different dialects. He believes that mastering Minnan dialect can not only provide a good frame of reference for Chinese learning, but also help to understand and understand Minnan culture.

Li Rulong, a well-known expert on Chinese dialects in China, once participated in the establishment of the Dialect Research Office of Xiamen University, and can speak five or six local dialects. He believes that Minnan dialect was first formed in Quanzhou, and then spread southward to Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Leizhou and Hainan, and then spread to Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asia. The total number of people who speak Minnan dialect has reached more than 70 million, which is the most powerful dialect in ancient Chinese. Undoubtedly, Minnan dialect is an invisible and immortal bridge to communicate Chinese across the Taiwan Strait and Southeast Asia. This is what Li Rulong said in an interview with our reporter on the afternoon of the 22nd. During the interview, he also put forward many original opinions on the relationship between Xiamen Minnan dialect and Taiwan Province Minnan dialect, how to learn Minnan dialect and how to popularize Minnan culture. Minnan dialect: it retains the strong dialect of the oldest Chinese.

Reporter: As an expert in dialect research, can you tell us about the formation process and influence scope of Minnan dialect?

Li Rulong: Minnan dialect was formed in the Tang Dynasty and is one of the earliest Chinese dialects in Southeast China. Wu dialect should be the earliest dialect. Due to its proximity to the Yangtze River and the great influence of Mandarin, its local color has faded. Minnan people live in the southeast and have little communication with the Central Plains. On the contrary, Minnan dialect has become the dialect with the most ancient Chinese elements, which has aroused great interest from researchers at home and abroad. The formation of Minnan dialect is multi-source and multi-level, including the "language bottom" of Baiyue nationality, the language of ancient Wu Chu immigrants and the language of ancient Central Plains, forming a unique dialect system. Minnan dialect was first formed in Quanzhou, and then spread southward to Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Leizhou and Hainan, and then spread to Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asia. The total number of people who speak Minnan dialect has reached more than 70 million, which is the most powerful dialect in ancient Chinese.

Minnan dialect is a centripetal dialect, and most Minnan dialects in different places can communicate with each other. In addition, Minnan dialect also has a feeling of "worshipping orthodoxy", that is, pretending to be orthodox in Chinese and retaining many old words. For example, the "line" of "three people, there must be my teacher" is the ancient Minnan dialect; Minnan dialect calls "eating" "eating"; "Pot" is called "Ding"; "Home" is called "Cuo"; "Mold" is called "fermented grains"; "Man" is called "agriculture", which is a very old saying. Speaking Minnan dialect is very helpful for learning ancient Chinese. Because Minnan dialect is stable and conservative, paying attention to the origin of language, it has strong feelings for the original Central Plains culture. People who speak Minnan dialect in different times have great respect for national popular homophones. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, scholars were selected in the imperial examinations, and poems were rhymed in the examinations, and Guang Yun was used, in which the anti-tangent method was absorbed by Minnan dialect. It has formed a unique "literary reading" in Minnan language, that is, reading in Putonghua and using Minnan as annotations. The two traditions coexist and are the most complete and firm in Mandarin. Luo Changpei wrote a book "Xiamen Rhyme" when he came to Xiamen University, praising the coexistence of literacy and reading as the fundamental feature of Minnan dialect, which is rare in the national dialect. Minnan dialect is tolerant of Putonghua. Five years of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, imperial edict. In view of the fact that Fujian and Guangdong provinces entered Beijing as scholars and Mandarin was not allowed, they ordered the two provinces to set up Yin Zheng Academy. This imperial edict was not taken seriously in Guangdong, but it was implemented very seriously in Fujian, where many orthographic academies were established and many orthographic textbooks were compiled.

I call this phenomenon of reading aloud by voice and speaking in Minnan dialect "bilingual education in enlightenment education". I think this practice is worth popularizing today. Its advantages are as follows: firstly, the tradition of coexistence of dialects and * * * can be passed on without cutting off dialects; The second is to let children discover and use the dialect knowledge they have learned from their parents, from "acquisition" to "acquisition", so that dialects can become alive; Third, the regional culture based on dialect system can be preserved and carried forward.

There is no distance between Xiamen and Taiwan Province in Minnan language communication.

Reporter: What are the characteristics of Minnan dialect in Taiwan Province Province?

Li Rulong: The Minnan dialect in Taiwan Province Province is the most similar to that in Xiamen. The Minnan language in Xiamen is a mixture of Zhang Quan and Taiwan Province province, and the Minnan language is also "Zhangquan language". There are no obstacles in the communication between Xiamen and Taiwan Province, but it is difficult to communicate with Zhaoan and Longyan, which is caused by different language sources. I have been to Taiwan Province province. Our house is separated from our second house by a floor, and Yuanchang Township in Chiayi County, Taiwan Province is separated from the Li family's long house by a floor. I have no difficulty in communicating with the villagers there in Minnan dialect. They really "haven't changed their local accent"! Minnan language is a very important language. Taiwan Province Province was once ruled by the Japanese for fifty years, and so was the Kuomintang. All politicians demand that it is forbidden to speak Minnan in public, and everyone only whispers at home and in a small area. In this way, the local accent has not changed. It's amazing. Therefore, I say that Minnan dialect is an invisible and immortal bridge to communicate Chinese across the Taiwan Strait and even Southeast Asia.

The Taiwan Province provincial authorities are now doing the opposite, advocating the use of "Minnan dialect" as the "national language", which is just like Lu Xun's criticism that "a person stands on the earth, but pulls out his hair and leaves the earth". Needless to say, there are still millions of people in Taiwan Province Province who don't speak Minnan dialect, so it's really necessary to cancel Putonghua. So, if you close all Chinese newspapers and forbid everyone to speak Mandarin, will it work? This is just the political hype of people with ulterior motives, and it is a way to vent their emotions, which easily leads to the division between ethnic groups. Taiwan Province's "Mandarin" and Minnan dialect can go hand in hand.

She = Iraq

I = dig

What = Xia (second sound) Mi (fourth sound, reading faster)

No =mo2

Grab =lia (third tone, fast reading)

Yes = West

Red =ang2

Green = two (there is no sound, so read in a low voice)

Eat = clip

Computer ne point (second sound)

Pig = low (or "first time" reading speed is faster)

Lake = Oh ... (second sound)

Hello = Li 1 Congratulations

Sorry = clap your hands (second sound) sei (fourth sound)

One = Reason (Fast Reading)

Two = profit

Three = dispersion

Four = system

Five = oh

Six = similar to Lang's pronunciation but without nasal sound (silent, reading fast)

Seven = Qin (fourth tone, read fast)

Eight = Weber (fourth sound); Weber (these two words are pronounced backwards, read quickly)

Nine = Sue (second voice, speed reading)

Ten =zaom (silent reading time, fast reading)

Neither Chinese nor Pinyin can be clearly expressed unless there is another Pinyin method. )

The second revision of Chinese cabbage.

My pronunciation of five is different from reality, but it is difficult to express, so I hereby explain.

Features of Cantonese:

Cantonese is a kind of tonal language of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is widely used in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in southern China, Hong Kong, Macao and some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, as well as overseas Chinese communities. Its name comes from China's ancient appellation "Yue" or "Yue" to the south. There are differences in language classification between China and the West. Most domestic scholars advocate that Cantonese should be classified as a Chinese dialect, while most western scholars advocate that Cantonese and Putonghua (represented by Putonghua) should be juxtaposed as independent languages.

At present, the global population speaking Cantonese is about 70 million. This figure ranks third among the language-using population in China (the first is Mandarin, about 800 million; Followed by Wu language, about 80 million), ranking sixteenth in the world. Although the population is less than that of Putonghua, which is the representative of Putonghua, Cantonese is widely used in overseas Chinese communities, which supports a bright and powerful Cantonese culture centered on Hong Kong culture and makes Cantonese have great influence and vitality. It can be said that Cantonese is one of the main languages with great vitality in the world at present.

Cantonese accent is a recognized standard accent in Cantonese. However, with the influx of a large number of migrants in recent years, the number of migrants in some cities in Guangdong far exceeds the local population? Tibia? What's the matter with you? Qiao Qi shrine to the tomb? Are you trying to scare me that I'm not as good as you? By blind leng? ≌? It would be embarrassing to plant a bad job. Also restore cherry blossoms? Bad curtain? Why are you staring at a scabbard? What's the matter with you? After 949, Guangzhou Cantonese has more opportunities to interact with Putonghua, while Hong Kong Cantonese is less influenced by Putonghua, retaining more vocabulary and habits before 1949, which is closer to the original language. This makes Cantonese in Hong Kong another recognized standard. But on the whole, the difference between Hong Kong Cantonese and Guangzhou Cantonese is still very small.

The main features of Cantonese

[Editor] A large number of elements of ancient Chinese have been preserved.

This is manifested in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and so on. Phonologically, Cantonese retains many archaic sounds. For example, for the two words "I" and "Hungry" in Cantonese, the nasal initials are ng- (retaining the original sound of the Middle Ages). In terms of tone, Cantonese completely retains the tone pattern of the middle ancient tones, namely, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone, and also derives a middle entering tone from the yin entering tone, which is the most complete language to retain the entering tone of ancient Chinese. Cantonese contains six vowels-P, -t, -k, -n, -m and -ng, and there is no tongue curl, tongue curl and light tone in the northern dialect (these characteristics of the northern dialect were developed after the Middle Ages, and Cantonese did not follow these changes). In terms of vocabulary, Cantonese retains more ancient words with quaint wording. In the northern dialect, these ancient words have been abandoned or rarely used. For example, in Cantonese, "sticky" means "stork" and "police officer" means "police officer". Many words in Cantonese, including modal particles, can be found directly in China ancient books. Grammatically, the postposition of modifiers, the addition of "a" before a person's name to indicate intimacy, and the inversion of "rooster" into "rooster" are all remnants of ancient Chinese characteristics.

[Editor] Keep more of the bottom ingredients of ancient South Vietnam.

Han people who moved south to Lingnan in ancient times lived with "Nanyue people" for a long time, and their languages, cultures, customs and other aspects unconsciously infiltrated each other. Cantonese has elements of both ancient Chinese and ancient South Vietnam, which is the result of the mutual integration of the two ethnic groups. Modern Cantonese still contains many elements of ancient "South Vietnam", mainly in vocabulary. For example, in Cantonese, "what" means "this", "well" means "no", "shrimp" means "bullying" and "bian" means "where". This is the legacy of the bottom word of Ancient Vietnamese. The bottom of ancient Vietnamese is very important in Cantonese. If it is removed, Cantonese will be seriously "disabled" and cannot normally realize the language function of expression and communication.

[Editor] Absorbed more foreign words.

Cantonese loanwords mainly come from English. Hong Kong Cantonese absorbs many foreign words, which strongly influences Cantonese. Many of these loanwords are not absorbed in Mandarin, such as "store" and "shop" in Mandarin. Some have absorbed Mandarin, but the translations are different. For example, "salad" in Mandarin is translated into "salad" in Cantonese. Since1980s, with the development of Hong Kong people and Cantonese people going northward, many Cantonese loanwords, such as "bus" and "tips", have gradually entered Putonghua. Sometimes, these words are even combined with the original Mandarin to form new words. For example, "taxi" is a new word transformed from "taxi" (not called "taxi" in Hong Kong, but called "taking a taxi" or "stopping a car"). English words are often used directly in Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong. For example, "file" is usually replaced by "fai-lo" and "feel" is replaced by "feel". The policeman or teacher is called "sir" (the policewoman is called "madam" and the teacher is called "miss"), and overtime is called "open". Frequently used English words are often converted into Cantonese loanwords. This kind of English vocabulary is also used more and more in Guangdong Cantonese.

[Editor] There are a lot of unique words.

In the development of Cantonese, there are many unique words, some of which are still in use today, which has become another feature of Cantonese. More than 50% of the words in everyday language are different from those in Mandarin. In the field of science and technology, the difference is relatively low, less than 10%.

Unique sentence patterns and grammar

There are many inversions of modifiers and many special sentence patterns in Cantonese grammar.

[Editor] The pronunciation system is complicated.

Cantonese has a rather complicated tone system, which is quite different from Mandarin (Mandarin dialect). In Cantonese, the entering tone of ancient Chinese is quite well preserved, and it is also divided into middle entering from yin entering and yang entering. Standard Cantonese has nine tones, namely, flat tone, rising tone, rising tone, falling tone, disyllabic, disyllabic, disyllabic, disyllabic, disyllabic, disyllabic and disyllabic. For the pronunciation and spelling of Cantonese, please refer to the Romanization Scheme of Cantonese (Cantonese Pinyin or Romanization).

[Editor] The writing system of Cantonese

Modern Cantonese generally adopts the writing system of modern Chinese vernacular, which emerged in the early 20th century, in formal occasions, and its grammar and vocabulary are the same as those of written Mandarin.

In addition, there is a widely circulated Cantonese writing system, whose vocabulary, grammar and sentence patterns are consistent with those of spoken Cantonese, and a large number of Cantonese words are used (about 5,000 Cantonese words are included in the Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set), such as "Bo", "Xu", "Yi" and "Yue". In the latest version of the supplementary character set, some so-called "dirty words" are further included. This practice is questioned because swearing is a common taboo in society, although it is often used by the lower classes in daily conversations. But when it comes to academic level, "swearing" is not universally recognized. On the other hand, the Hong Kong government said that adding "dirty words" is convenient for the police to use when taking confessions. No matter who is right or wrong, with this supplementary character set, almost all the unique pronunciations of Cantonese can be written.

[Editor] Cantonese

Cantonese contains several dialects. Cantonese is now generally divided into the following dialects:

Guangdong dialect movies

Guangzhou dialect (also known as Guangfu dialect, guangzhou fu was established in Guangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty).

Nanfanshun dialect

Dongguan dialect

(Modern) Hong Kong Dialect

Siyi dialect

Movies in Levin dialect

Rock slices in southern Guangxi

Wu Chuanhua

Jijiahua

[Editor] Guangdong Dialect Film

[Editor] Cantonese

Guangzhou dialect is a typical representative of Cantonese. However, Cantonese itself is constantly changing and developing. The words used in Guangzhou dialect before 1949 are more quaint than those used later, and are less influenced by northern dialects. The characteristic of Guangzhou dialect is that "four" and "death" are pronounced with [sz] instead of [sei].

[Editor] Nanfanshun dialect

Guangzhou itself is composed of Panyu and a part of the South China Sea, so Guangzhou dialect can actually be regarded as a special case of Nanfanshun dialect. The dialects of Guangzhou, Panyu and Nanhai are similar, but the pronunciation of many words in Shunde is different from other places, such as: "concave" is not pronounced [l? P] and read [n? p]； Eating is not eating, but eating.

[Editor] Zhongshan Dialect

Shiqi Dialect is mainly popular in Zhongshan City and Shi Qi, Guangdong Province. It is similar to Guangzhou Dialect, but different. Compared with Guangzhou dialect, the names or generic terms of some things have their own uniqueness. Shiqi people in Zhongshan can understand and speak standard Guangzhou dialect, but Guangzhou people or Hong Kong people may not be able to speak and understand Shiqi dialect accurately. For example, in Guangzhou dialect, "sleep" (meaning sleep) is called "sleep" in Shiqi dialect, and "training" is also used when speaking Shiqi dialect; Guangzhou dialect is called Touxian (meaning just now), Shiqi dialect is called Gengsi, and Shiqi dialect also uses Touxian. In addition, there are some differences in accent between Shiqi dialect and Guangzhou dialect.

[Editor] Hong Kong dialect

Before 1949, Hong Kong dialect had a strong Hakka accent because natives and Hakkas lived together. Among them, Jintian dialect is representative.

After 1949, due to the influx of immigrants from other places, especially from Indonesia and Fujian, and the influence of English, Hong Kong dialect has more lazy sounds than other Cantonese dialects. Today, lazy sounds seem to have become the characteristics of Cantonese in Hong Kong, among which the disappearance of nasal sounds (that is, n/l is difficult to distinguish) and W- awkward sounds are the most obvious. The new generation of young people generally read "you" [nei] and "I" [ngo] as [lei] and [o]. Misread "Guo" as "[gok]" and "Guo" as "[goh]". This common lazy voice even affected the development of so-called "Hong Kong English". For example, "[nain]" in English, which means the number 9, is often read as [laai] in Cantonese; Quota? ] Do more ['kot? ]。 But on the whole, Hong Kong dialect is still very close to Guangzhou dialect.

English is more popular in Hong Kong. In the past, Hong Kong usually came into contact with foreign new things before the mainland. In the past, the lower classes who didn't know English spelled everyday English words in Cantonese, so English loanwords in Cantonese are very common in Hong Kong. For example, the floor coiler is called foreman, the brake is called brake, the bearing is called bearing, the strawberry is called strawberry, and so on. Many old people still refer to stamps as stamps and insurance as insurance. These authentic expressions may confuse foreign users in China.

[Editor] Dongguan Dialect

[Editor] Luoguang Dialect Film

Sihui, Luoding, Guangning, Huaiji, Fengkai, Deqing, Yunan, Yangshan and Lianshan.

[Editor] Sisi Lee Dialect Film

Siyi dialect refers to the dialects of Xinhui, Enping, Kaiping and Taishan, among which Taishan dialect is the representative. Half of Zhuhai people speak Cantonese (especially in Doumen area), while other areas use Xiangshan Cantonese. Siyi dialect is far from Guangzhou dialect.

[Editor] Levin Dialect Film

Levin dialect refers to the dialects around Yangjiang and Leizhou Peninsula.

[Editor in Charge] Guinan Film

Mainly distributed in southeastern Guangxi. Take the county in northeast Guangxi to Nanning and Pingxiang in south Guangxi as the dividing line. Cantonese is mainly spoken in the southeast of Guangxi, accounting for almost one-third of the total area of Guangxi; Mandarin is mainly spoken in the northwest of the line. Cantonese in Guangxi is similar to Cantonese in Guangzhou, and everyone can understand it. However, in the early days, some Cantonese residents moved to ethnic minority areas, absorbed ethnic minority language elements, and formed dialects that were quite different from Guangzhou dialect, such as Goulou Cantonese. It mainly includes Yongxun Cantonese, Wuzhou Cantonese, Goulou Cantonese and Qinlian Cantonese. The classification is as follows:

[Editor] Yongxun Cantonese (Nanning Dialect)

Close to Wuzhou Cantonese. Mainly popular in towns with convenient transportation on both sides of Yongzhou and Zhou Xun, such as Nanning, Yongning, Chongzuo, Ningming, Hengxian, pingnan county and parts of Liuzhou. Take Nanning as the representative point.

[Editor] Wuzhou Cantonese (Wuzhou Dialect)

Very close to Guangzhou dialect. They are mainly distributed in Wuzhou City, Daan, Danzhu and Wulin in Pingnan County, Jintian Town in Guiping County and Cangwu County, and Hexian County and its vicinity. The internal differences are very small. Represented by Wuzhou dialect, the phonetic system has 2 1 initials and 46 finals.

[Editor] Goulou Cantonese (Yulin Dialect)

Mainly distributed in Yulin and Wuzhou (except Pingnan County and Guiping County) 13 counties and cities. The phonology is complex, with 10 tones. There are rare voiced initials B and D in other dialects of Cantonese. The endings of many words are lost, such as "two" pronounced as [lar]. And the vocabulary is also very distinctive. It is very different from Guangzhou dialect, so it is difficult for both of them to communicate. 525252525

[Editor] Qinlian Cantonese (Qinlian Dialect)

It is basically the same as Yongxun Cantonese, with little internal difference. Mainly distributed in Qinzhou City, Hepu County (formerly known as Lianzhou), Pubei County, Fangcheng County, Lingshan and Beihai City.

[Editor] Wuchuan Dialect

Distributed in Wuchuan City and Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province.

[Editor] Ji Jiahua

Qijia dialect, also known as Huashui dialect, is widely used in boathouse and Guangdong and Guangxi regions.

[Editor] On the Relationship between Cantonese, Cantonese and Cantonese

The English word Canton appeared in17th century BC, which was a transliteration of Cantonese and then referred to Guangdong. Panyu (now Guangzhou) was ruled by Guangdong at that time. Westerners call Panyu Canton, and the English word Canton means "Cantonese". Later, the Qing government banned foreigners from going deep into Guangdong for trade and missionary work, and only allowed them to live in Panyu. Gradually Canton became only Panyu, while Canton specifically refers to "Cantonese". However, now people generally understand Cantonese as Cantonese, that is, Cantonese. In fact, Guangdong has other languages besides mainstream Cantonese.

[editor] comment

Note 1: linguists generally believe that if there is no direct communication between two texts, then the two texts belong to two different languages; If there are big or small differences between them, but they can talk directly, they belong to two different dialects of the same language. According to this classification standard, Cantonese and Mandarin are completely inseparable and should be classified as two different languages. However, it is generally believed that due to some political factors, most linguists in China classify Cantonese as a dialect of Chinese. On the other hand, we have to admit that if we strictly follow the traditional standards, there will be many more languages in China. Generally speaking, with the standardization of Cantonese, it is more and more likely to be truly independent as a language.