Traditional culture of ancient Egypt and China.

The four ancient civilizations are generally used to refer to the areas where the four human civilizations were first born, such as ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt, ancient China and ancient India. However, due to the lack of accurate records of ancient civilizations, there is still controversy about its specific birth time in academic circles. Much knowledge of philosophy, science, literature and art that human beings have today can be traced back to the contributions of these ancient civilizations.

The four major civilizations are all built near the easy-to-survive river platform. In the northern hemisphere, the Nile, Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, as well as the Indus River and Ganges River basins, have successively produced four major civilizations in the world.

Ancient civilization entered the Bronze Age from the Neolithic Age, and then entered the Iron Age 7000 -4000 years ago. Slavery is adopted in most social systems, and state power came into being later. Nome civilization in ancient Egypt is the earliest known civilization in the world.

The four ancient civilizations all have their own myths and legends. They used myths to strengthen their autocratic rule. The pharaoh of ancient Egypt called himself phoebus apollo, the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi called himself a descendant of Luna, and the monarch of China called himself the son of heaven.

The four ancient civilizations all have their own calendars, with leap months divided into 12 months every year. Every civilization has created its own writing. Civilizations in the Indus River, the Yellow River and the two river basins all use pottery wheels to make pottery. Pi has been calculated in Egypt and two river basins, Pythagorean theorem has been discovered in Babylon and China, and Arabic numerals have been invented in India.

Babylonia is located in the Mesopotamian plain, roughly in today's Iraq. Around 3000 BC, people here established a country, and by the 8th century BC/kloc-0, the kingdom of Babylon appeared here. "Mesopotamia" is an ancient Greek word, which means "the place between the two rivers", so it is also called the basin of the two rivers. These two rivers refer to the Euphrates River and the Tigris River.

The earliest ancient civilization discovered in the two river basins has been more than 6000 years ago. Although Babylon has disappeared now, its influence (especially in religion) remains today. It really deserves to be one of the four ancient civilizations.

Babylonian civilization is roughly bounded by today's Baghdad city and divided into north and south parts. The northern part is centered on the ancient city of Assyria, called Silesia, or Assyria for short; The south is centered on the city of Babylon and is called Babylonia, which means "the land of Babylon". Babylon is divided into two regions, Sumer in the south near the mouth of the Persian Gulf and Akkad in the north of Sumer. The residents of these two areas are called Sumerians and Akkadians respectively. Mesopotamian civilization was originally created by Sumerians.

Ancient Egypt refers to the Egyptian civilization located in the Nile valley from more than 4000 BC until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is a classic example of a hydraulic empire.

The inhabitants of ancient Egypt were made up of aborigines in North Africa and Sem people in West Asia. In the second half of 4000 BC, the country was gradually formed. Until Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, * * * experienced the rule of 3 1 dynasty in eight periods: the former dynasty, the early dynasty, the ancient kingdom, the first China-Korea, the second China-Korea, the new kingdom and the later dynasty.

India is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. Originally, it was said that India had a civilization history of 5,000 years, but according to the latest underwater discovery, India's civilization history may be pushed up to 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, and it is likely to surpass Egypt. Historically, India has been invaded by foreign forces, and most intruders often don't want to leave after entering. For example, at the end of 16, western powers expanded eastward, and the Netherlands, Portugal, France and Britain all invaded this country. Finally, the British defeated the French in 65438+1860s and monopolized India190s. Although India has suffered numerous foreign invasions and been impacted by various foreign cultures, there has always been a continuous main line of Indian culture-Hindu culture. Hinduism includes Vedas, Brahmanism and Hinduism. The continuous enrichment of Indian internal culture and the continuous integration of foreign national cultures have contributed to the diversity of Indian culture. Today, with the globalization of the world economy, India presents a huge contrast between tradition and modernity, poverty and prosperity, religion and secularism, backwardness and advancement.