Vulnerability faced by China's agriculture

1, arable land area and the planting area of crops has decreased significantly.

In recent years, China's agriculture has appeared arable land area and crop cultivation area greatly reduced situation, summarized mainly for the following three reasons: First, in recent years, China's government in order to protect the ecological environment, the active implementation of the return of farmland to forests and farmland to grassland and other ecological fallow policy, resulting in some regions of China's crop cultivation area has been reduced dramatically; Second, due to our country's Secondly, due to China's national economic development and people's living needs, new construction land occupation of a large amount of arable land; Thirdly, due to the current engaged in agricultural production can get very little benefit, affecting some farmers engaged in agricultural production enthusiasm, China's relatively affluent areas of some farmers take the initiative to withdraw from the field of agricultural production, which caused a lot of arable land left to fall into the ground, reducing the area of crop cultivation.

2, short-term crop yields are difficult to have a big breakthrough.

Crop yields will be affected by soil conditions, fertilizers, irrigation conditions, seed quality, field management, climatic conditions, agricultural production technology and natural disasters.

At present, there is an obvious shortage of farmyard fertilizer in most parts of rural China, and the long-term use of chemical fertilizers has resulted in large-scale land crusting and deterioration of soil conditions, which is not conducive to the growth of crops.

China

Period rely on the collective power to build a lot of farmland water conservancy facilities and farmland water conservancy capital construction projects, due to years of negligence in the maintenance and management of its function has been weakened or even disappeared, and it is difficult to play an important role in the current agricultural production. Farmers are the main body of China's agricultural production, is currently the main form of organization of China's agricultural production, a family of farmers lack the ability to independently repair large-scale water conservancy facilities. As a result, some areas of China's agricultural irrigation conditions have deteriorated and will not be improved in the short term.

In China's relatively affluent southeastern coastal areas, agricultural income in the overall family income accounted for a smaller and smaller proportion of agricultural income is no longer the main source of income for local farmers, some farmers are no longer as fine as the original field management of crops, crop yields have had a certain negative impact.

China's current agricultural production technology has been relatively stable in most areas, in the short term it is difficult to have a major breakthrough, coupled with the promotion of new technologies will encounter many obstacles, so in the short term crop yields relying on agricultural production technology is difficult to have a great deal to do.

Because of the El Ni?o phenomenon and the greenhouse effect, China's disastrous weather has increased in recent years, China's current loose one-family type of agricultural organization to a certain extent reduces the ability of China's agricultural disaster prevention and relief.

So we can think in the short term, China's agricultural crop yields are difficult to have a big breakthrough.

3, the total output of agricultural products has a tendency to gradually reduce.

Because of the arable land area and crop planting area has decreased significantly, in the short term, China's crop yields and difficult to have a big breakthrough, so that China's total production of agricultural products will have a gradual decline in the trend. According to the relevant departments of our government statistics, since 1999, China's total grain production in general has been a declining trend. 2000 grain production, 2001 continued to reduce production, 2002, a slight rebound in 2003 and a reduction in production.

4, the price of agricultural products for a longer period of time continued to be low.

From the end of the 1990s, by the continuous impact of the supply and demand of agricultural products, China's major agricultural products prices for a long time continued to be depressed, especially the price of grain from 1997 onwards fell by more than 30%, until the second half of 2003, the price of some agricultural products has only been recovered, but at present the price of major agricultural products has not yet reached the price level of the end of the last century. price level.

5. The price and quality of agricultural production materials are becoming more and more prominent.

At present, China's farmers use agricultural production materials mainly include seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, diesel fuel, agricultural film, agricultural machinery and irrigation water and electricity. In recent years, the prices of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, diesel fuel and agricultural machinery have generally risen in China's agricultural market, increasing the direct production costs of agricultural products.

In recent years, the quality of major agricultural production materials such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural implements has been a cause for concern, and incidents of poor quality and counterfeit agricultural production materials pitting farmers

have seriously disrupted China's normal order of agricultural production, and have had a very bad impact on the production and life of farmers.

6, the tax burden of farmers in most areas is heavy.

At present, the types of taxes and fees that farmers in China should pay include agricultural tax, agricultural specialty tax, slaughter tax and "three to five". The "three withdrawals" are the "provident fund, public welfare fund, and management fee"; the "five unification" refers to the "five unification", including the education surcharge, family planning fee, and militia fee. Education surcharges, family planning fees, militia training fees, civil affairs fees, and private transportation fees. The three taxes, namely agricultural tax, agricultural special production tax and slaughter tax, do not account for a large proportion of the total amount of taxes and fees that farmers are supposed to pay, and their collection is relatively standardized throughout the country. But China's current urban and rural tax system is very different, farmers and workers compared to the tax burden appears to be heavier, the worker's wage income of more than 800 yuan before they start to pay personal income tax, the starting point is relatively high, while the starting point of agricultural taxes is zero, farmers, unless there is a major natural disaster, the agricultural products of a serious failure of the government will implement the agricultural tax exemption policy, usually, farmers must be taxed in accordance with the provisions of the tax law. Paying Taxes. The "three withdrawals and five unification" fees are relatively high, accounting for a large proportion of the total amount of taxes and fees that farmers should pay, and their implementation is not standardized across regions. Some areas of local governments, village committees in serious violation of the state's relevant policies and regulations, the creation of a new name, unauthorized to the farmers to charge fees, violating the legitimate rights and interests of farmers, adding to the burden of farmers. The central government, although

, require local governments to strengthen management, strictly prohibited to the farmers indiscriminate distribution, indiscriminate fees, but the phenomenon of indiscriminate fees occur from time to time, repeated, no wonder some farmers with "the first tax is light, the second tax is heavy, the distribution of a

" to describe the situation of our country's current rural taxes and fees. Individual areas in the past tax collection is not standardized, in order to facilitate their own management, slaughter tax even according to the head of the farmer's family to apportionment. The author's hometown, there is a farmer, because of their own conditions are relatively poor, has not been married, alone, but also to the village committee to pay family planning fees and education surcharges, sounds very unreasonable.

7. The production cost of agricultural products has increased.

In recent years, the cost of production of agricultural products has increased due to the rising prices of major agricultural means of production and the increased tax burden on farmers.

8. Farmers' agricultural income has generally decreased.

In recent years, due to the prices of major agricultural products have been low, the total output of agricultural products has been reduced, the price of major agricultural production materials rose, the tax burden on farmers increased, on the whole, most of the regions of China's farmers in the general reduction of agricultural income.

9. It is difficult for farmers' non-agricultural incomes to grow significantly in the short term on the strength of farmers themselves.

For most farmers in most areas of China at present, farmers' non-agricultural income mainly includes income from forestry, pastoralism, sideline income, fishery income, savings income and wage income from family members working outside the home.

Under the current economic and technological conditions in China, the development of forestry, animal husbandry, fishery production in many areas of China will be limited by a series of factors, such as local natural conditions, climate, capital, technology and marketing environment, and in the short term, in some of the conditions of the region may be able to achieve relatively large results. But for most farmers in most parts of China, it is difficult to have a big breakthrough in the short term.

Most farmers in most areas of China's income itself is very meager, in recent years, housing, children's education and health care costs are very high, farmers in the bank deposit base is relatively small, coupled with the bank in recent years, the interest rate on deposits is very low, and still need to pay interest tax, the average farmer's family savings income is very low.

Compared with the early days of reform and opening up, the conditions for farmers in China to work in the city have deteriorated, firstly, it is difficult to find work, secondly, the wages are low, and thirdly, it is difficult to ask for money. It is impossible for peasant families to substantially increase their family income through family members going out to work under the current social conditions.

From the above analysis, it is easy to see that for most farmers in most parts of China, it is difficult for farmers' non-agricultural incomes to grow significantly in the short term by the farmers' own strength.

10, farmers' incomes are low, and the income gap between urban and rural areas has widened.

According to the statistics of China's authoritative departments, the ratio of per capita income between urban and rural areas was 2.72:1 in 1995, 2.92:1 in 2001, and 3.1:1 in 2002, and 3.2:1 in 2002. from 1997 to the present, the per capita net income of the peasants grew at an average annual rate of less than 4%, but during this period the disposable income of the urban residents grew at an average annual rate of 8%. However, during this period, the disposable income of urban residents has been growing at an average annual rate of 8%, and taking into account the various welfare benefits enjoyed by urban residents, the income gap between urban and rural areas is too great, and the labor paid by peasants is disproportionate to the income they receive, so that peasants, who account for 63% of China's population, have become, along with laid-off, unemployed and retired workers in towns and cities, a disadvantaged group in China's current society.

11. The income gap between farmers in different regions is gradually widening.

Because of the multiple influences of natural conditions, resource conditions, government policies, industrial structure, product structure, capital funds, production technology, market conditions, commodity agriculture, contract farming, township enterprises, and ideological concepts, the farmers in China's southeastern coastal areas and urban periphery are generally wealthier than those in the central and western regions, and the disparity in farmers' incomes between different regions is gradually widening.

12. The distribution of existing farmland is not conducive to the development of agricultural production.

Many areas in China in the past to farmers in the distribution of land, in order to try to be fair, just and reasonable, to reduce the farmers' views, the village committee according to the quality of cultivated land, the location of a piece of farmland will be neatly divided into a number of strips and blocks to be distributed equally, thus resulting in the total area of farmland owned by farmers is not too much, but too dispersed, each piece of farmland is very small situation, is not conducive to cultivation, and It is not conducive to field management, and the role of large agricultural machinery is not effectively utilized.

13. It is very difficult to promote advanced agricultural production technology in the countryside.

At present, advanced agricultural production technology in China's rural areas to promote the very difficult, summarized in the following four main reasons, one of which is that most of China's rural farmers are still using traditional methods of agricultural production passed down by their ancestors, the promotion of advanced agricultural production technology by the influence of customary forces; secondly, most of China's farmers are less educated, poorer cultural quality, acceptance of new agricultural technology. Secondly, most of the farmers in China have a low level of education, poor cultural quality, weak ability to accept new things, and are accustomed to following others in a series of problems such as what to plant, how much to plant, and how to plant, which makes it difficult for them to make scientific decisions; thirdly, there is a shortage of rural agricultural technicians in most parts of China, and there is a lack of the necessary technical help and guidance for the farmers in their daily agricultural production, and there is a lack of systematic training of the farmers in the knowledge of agricultural production; finally, the cycle of agricultural production has been affected by customary forces. Knowledge training; Finally, the agricultural production cycle is relatively long, and the results of agricultural production is affected by many factors, any one of the advanced agricultural production technology to promote the need for a longer time frame, its benefits in the short term is difficult to clearly show, the promotion of advanced agricultural production technology has created an obstacle.

14. There are few non-agricultural employment opportunities for farmers, and it is difficult to realize a large-scale and effective transfer of surplus rural labor.

At present, China's surplus rural labor force to the non-agricultural field of transfer of the main four ways to go to college, join the army, go to the city to work and work in township and village enterprises.

The children of farmers who are able to go to university or join the army and stay in the army for a long time are after all a minority, and play little role in the transfer of surplus rural labor to non-agricultural areas.

For farmers to work in the city, many cities in China at present there are a lot of discriminatory restrictions, although our government has begun to pay attention to and start to solve

, but in the short term farmers to work in the city of the conditions are difficult to have a relatively large improvement. It is difficult for farmers to work in cities to find jobs and earn money, which objectively causes many rural women to provide escort services in the entertainment and service industries in the cities, affecting the social culture and the construction of spiritual civilization.

China's southeastern coast and many areas of the central townships and townships have risen to prominence, providing good employment opportunities for many peasants and their children, and promoting the transfer of surplus agricultural labor. But in China's western region and remote underdeveloped areas, by the capital, technology or conceptual constraints, township enterprises as if

very underdeveloped, it is difficult to arrange most of the rural surplus labor force employment.

From the above analysis, it is easy to see that there are very few non-agricultural employment opportunities for farmers, and it is difficult to realize the large-scale and effective transfer of surplus rural labor.

15, the quality of village cadres in individual areas is relatively poor, and the relationship between the cadres and the masses is relatively tense.

According to the provisions of the Organic Law of the Villagers' Committees in China, the villagers' committees in rural areas in China are directly elected by all the villagers who have the right to vote, which improves the ability of the majority of peasants to participate in politics, and provides a certain degree of institutional guarantee for the quality of village cadres. However, in some areas, for various reasons, the quality of village cadres is relatively low, the policy concept is very poor, lack of appeal, lack of service to the villagers, simple and rough working style, in the family planning and tax collection issues often conflict with the farmers, and some even violated the legitimate rights and interests of the farmers, the relationship between the cadres and the masses is relatively tense, which affects the government's good image among the farmers.

16. The further development of township enterprises has encountered serious challenges in terms of capital, technology and management.

In the 1990s, China's township and village enterprises and other

in the countryside rose to prominence, and the comparative advantages of price and system greatly contributed to the rapid development of township and village enterprises. At present, with the gradual expansion of the scale of China's introduction of foreign capital, the gradual establishment of foreign capital and Sino-foreign joint ventures, and the deepening of the reform of the modern enterprise system of state-owned enterprises, township and village enterprises have encountered the scale of capital, advanced production technology and modernization of

the serious challenge, some township and village enterprises are wandering around in the same place, and it is difficult to do better and bigger and to seek further development.

17, rural infrastructure needs to be strengthened.

For historical reasons, China's rural areas for the development of China's industrialization has provided a large-scale primary accumulation of funds, promoting the improvement of urban infrastructure, advancing the process of China's industrialization, but China

Construction with the city compared to a serious lag, transportation, communications, electricity, water supply, heating, radio and television, cultural and recreational, education, medical care, sanitation, and other public **** Service facilities are far from being able to meet the needs of the majority of rural residents of material and cultural life, the country's rural economic development and the improvement of the standard of living of farmers has had a considerable negative impact.