About the origin and development of the Russian language

The Russian nation belongs to a member of the Slavic peoples, the Slavs used the written word to record the language of the short history of the Slavs in the history of the Slavs had a long period of time in the foreign enslavement and commanded to live in the English language "Slavic" and "slave In English, "Slavic" and "slave" are the same root word, but this also creates Slavic people's unique calm, melancholy,

resilient character, which is fully embodied in Russian music.

The Slavs used hieroglyphics in their early days, and in the formation of Slavic scripts were directly influenced by Greek and Latin characters, Кирилл (Cyril in English, Cyrill or Kirill in Chinese, 826-869). 826-869) and Мефодий (820-885) simplified the Greek alphabet and created the Cyrillic alphabet (Кириллица, Cyrillic in English, also known in Chinese

as the "Kirillic" or "Cyrillic alphabet

Also known as the "Kirillic" or "Cyrillic" alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet was different from the one in use today in terms of both number and shape, and has evolved several times to become the Cyrillic alphabet of today.

Today's Slavic peoples use two types of scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. The most representative is "Serbo-Croatian", which is the same language, but the Serbs use Cyrillic and the Croats use Latin. Due to traditions and sentimental factors, today's Slavic peoples use Cyrillic for the pro-Russian and Latin for the pro-Western ones. The Russians have no choice but to use the Latin alphabet when they can't type in Cyrillic,

such as teletype and communication software that doesn't support Cyrillic, the Russian text on teletypes is in Latin, e.g.: konsignacija zapchastjej (консигнация

запчастей). In fact, there is no need for Russia to cling to the Cyrillic alphabet; after all, Latinization is the way to go for the language, both in terms of ease of use and in terms of spreading it to the world.

Russia also imposed the Cyrillic alphabet, the manufacture of Cyrillic Mongolian, Cyrillic Turkish language, Turkey, there is an ethnic group of China's Ningxia, Gansu, the descendants of the Han ancestors, the Soviet Union to help them design the Cyrillic language called Дунган (Dongguan), which I am afraid is the only pinyinization of the world's Chinese dialect.

This point the Soviet and Russian leaders are not as good as Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong advocated a new Chinese script movement, set up a script reform committee, developed a Latinized Chinese language, then recommended that the national letter writing should be bilingual, in order to get accustomed to and transition, but unfortunately, due to the Chinese language has four tones and homophonic words and words, and more importantly, it is difficult to change the habit of the final did not come to fruition, and then the new script

replaced the old phonetic Chinese.

The new script replaced the old-style pinyin as the hanyu pinyin scheme. Even so, the Latinized hanyu pinyin has made it much easier for us and our international friends to learn Chinese. By the way, the main reason why the Chinese language was not Latinized is a matter of habit. The BBC's Chinese teaching materials are entirely in hanyu pinyin, with no Chinese characters, but its European students are perfectly able to communicate with the Chinese orally, except that they don't understand why there are so many locatives in the Chinese family names: "shang" , "Xia", "Qian", "Hou", etc.

Geographic distribution

Russian is one of the official languages of the United Nations and Russia. It is one of the official languages of minorities recognized by the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China. Until 1917, Russian was the only official language of the Russian Empire, but during the Soviet period, when each member **** and state had its own official language, Russian became the language of the one role of the Russian Empire. After 1991, independent countries encouraged their own native languages, thus reversing the dominance of Russian, although her role as a national communication remained unchanged.

In Latvia, more than one-third of the population is Russian-speaking, mainly from pre-World War II Russia and the former Soviet Union. And the use of Russian in the classroom is still being debated. And in Estonia, Soviet-era immigrants and their descendants make up about a quarter or so of the country's current population.

In Lithuania, the Russian-speaking population represents less than a tenth of the country's overall population. However, about 80 percent of the Baltic population can speak basic Russian. And in Finland, once part of Russia, there are still several Russian-speaking communities.

In the 20th century, Russian was widely spoken in schools in Warsaw Pact member countries, including Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Albania. However, the younger generation is often not fluent, as Russian is no longer used in schools. In addition, due to Soviet influence, Russian is still taught in some Asian countries such as Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and Mongolia. And in several tribes in Afghanistan, Russian is still used as a lingua franca.

In Israel, it is spoken by at least 750,000 Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census). Russian is also frequently used in Israeli news, websites, and publications.

In North America, there are sizable Russian-speaking communities, especially in urban areas of the United States and Canada such as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Miami, Chicago, and the Cleveland suburb of Richmond Heights. The Russian-speaking population in New York and Los Angeles alone is estimated at 500,000 people. They publish their own newspapers, and live in self-contained neighborhoods (especially since immigration in the 1960s).

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 1.50% of the U.S. population, or about 4.2 million people, speak Russian, which is the 10th most common language in the United States.

From the beginning of the 20th century, there were also many Russian-speaking immigrants in Western Europe. The Russian-speaking communities in Germany, Britain, Spain, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil and Turkey*** number three million.

Official languages

Russian is the official language of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the non-internationally recognized State of Transnistria***, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia. It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Within Russia and the former Soviet Union, classes in Russian are a popular choice for native or second language speakers.

While the Russian population makes up 78 percent of Russia, 10 percent of Belarus, 26 percent of Kazakhstan, 17 percent of Ukraine, 9 percent of Kyrgyzstan, 6 percent of Moldova, 2 percent of Azerbaijan, 1.5 percent of Georgia, and less than 1 percent of Armenia and Tajikistan, students taught in Russian make up 97 percent of the population of Russia, 75 percent of Belarus, and 75 percent of Kazakhstan. Belarus 75%, in Kazakhstan 41%, in Ukraine 25%, in Kyrgyzstan 21%, in Moldova 7%, in Azerbaijan 7%, in Georgia 5%, in Armenia and Tajikistan 2%.

Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania still teach in Russian unless the government tries to reduce the number of subjects taught in Russian.

Alphabet

Main entry: Russian alphabet

The Russian writing system uses a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. ***There are 33 letters. There is a distinction between printed and handwritten. There are two types of vowels and consonants. Consonants are further divided into clear consonants (vocal cords do not vibrate) and turbulent consonants (vocal cords vibrate). In addition, Russian consonants can be divided into soft and hard consonants, both of which are pronounced with basically the same movement, the difference being mainly in the fact that the middle of the tongue needs to be raised towards the palate when soft consonants are pronounced.

The following is a list of all the letters of the Russian alphabet in upper and lower case and their names.

Аа

а Бб

бэ Вв

вэ Гг

гэ Дд

дэ Ее

йэ Ёё

йо Жж

жэ Зз

зэ Ии

и Йй

Shortи

Кк

ка Лл

эль Мм

эм Нн

эн Оо

о Пп

пэ Рр

эр Сс

эс Тт

тэ Уу

у Фф

эф

Хх

ха Цц

цэ Чч

че Шш

ша Щщ

ща ъ

Hard Symbol Ыы

ы ь

Soft Symbol Ээ

э Юю

йу Яя

йа

Pronunciation

The phonological system of Russian originated in the Slavic language family, but changed a lot in its early history, taking shape roughly around 1400.

It has five vowels, which are written as different letters depending on whether the preceding consonant is jawed (hard-jawed) or not. Typical consonants occur in pairs: regular and jawed. Traditionally called hard and soft consonants. (Hard consonants are usually softly jaw-vocalized, especially before back vowels, although in some dialects jaw-vocalization is limited to the hard /l/). Standard Russian is based on the St. Petersburg dialect and has strong stress and moderate pitch variation. Accented vowels have a bit of elongation, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to closed or fuzzy vowels /? /. In Russian, a syllable can contain up to four consonants in the vowel and rhyme, so the syllable structure can be very complex. It is represented by the following formula (V for vowels and C for consonants): (C)(C)(C)(C)(C)(C)(V(C)(C)(C)

Grammar

Main entry: Russian grammar

Words in Russian are divided into 10 categories:

With morphological changes:

Noun: комната (room)

Adjective: большой (big)

Number word: один (one), первый (the first)

Pronoun: он (he), это (this)

Verb: слушать (to hear)

No word changes

Adverb: хорошо (good)

Prefix: на (on...)

Adverb: хорошо (good)

Conjunction: и (and)

Intonation: да (is)

Exclamation: ах (oops)

Nouns and adjectives have a singular-plural hexameric case: aorist (1), object (4), versus (3), genitive (2), instrumental (5), and aspectual (6, preterite), and verbs have a perfective and an imperfective form. There is also a distinction between formal and subjunctive verbs.