What are five virtues, ten righteousness, four dimensions, eight virtues, three virtues, three cardinal guides and five permanents?

Five kinds of interpersonal relationships in traditional ethics

Five ethics, that is, the so-called monarch and minister, father and son, brother, couple and friend in ancient times. Take loyalty, filial piety, filial piety, forbearance and kindness as the "five ethics" relationship criteria.

Mencius believed that the way of courtesy and righteousness between monarch and minister should be loyalty;

There is a pecking order between father and son, so we should be filial;

Brothers are flesh and blood relatives and should be jealous;

Husband and wife love each other but are different inside and outside, so be tolerant;

Friends have the virtue of honesty, so they should be good.

This is the principle and code of conduct for dealing with ethical relations between people.

"Five ethics" are the five basic ethical relations in China traditional society, namely, father and son, monarch and minister, husband and wife, brother and friend, and they are "ethics" in a narrow sense. The ancients regarded monarch and minister, father and son, couple, brother and friend as "five ethics". Mencius believed that father and son are related by blood, monarch and minister are polite and righteous, and husband and wife are affectionate, but there are differences inside and outside, and friends have the virtue of honesty, which is the principle and code of conduct for dealing with interpersonal relations. On Mencius' Teng Wengong: "Make Qi Situ, teach people: father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, old and young are orderly, and friends are trustworthy."

Both sides in interpersonal relationship should abide by certain "rules". The minister should be loyal to his duties and treat the king with corresponding courtesy; Be kind to your father and filial to your son; For the husband, outside the Lord, for the woman, in the Lord; As a brother, you should take care of your brother, as a brother, you should respect your brother; Friends should be loyal.

The word "human relations" was first seen in Mencius and Teng Wengong. The book says that in ancient times, people "lived in seclusion without teaching, but were close to animals." The sage "works for Stuart and teaches others". In "Yao Dian of Shangshu", there is already a saying that "God will teach five codes", that is, to teach subjects with five virtues. According to Zuo Zhuan, the Five Codes are "father's righteousness, mother's kindness, brother's friendship, brother's respect and son's filial piety". Later, Confucius put forward "Jun Jun, minister, father and son", which increased the relationship between monarch and minister. Finally, on the basis of combing and summarizing China's previous moral relations and moral norms, Mencius comprehensively summarized the five basic moral relations between people in feudal society and put forward the corresponding moral norms.

Four dimensions: "refers to courtesy, justice, honesty and shame"

Eight virtues: "filial piety, filial piety, loyalty, faith, courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame." This is the basic morality that people should have.

Three dads: "knowledge, benevolence and courage" are three dads.

On this basis, it puts forward a series of virtues such as courtesy, filial piety, loyalty, forgiveness, courtesy, tolerance, sincerity, softness, frugality, concession, sincerity, respect, kindness, rigidity, straightforwardness, self-denial and moderation.

Mencius regarded benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom as the virtues of the four sons or the virtues of the mother, and extended them to "five virtues and ten religions", that is, you benefited from loyalty, your father was filial, your brother respected, your husband was righteous and obedient, and your friends believed. Later generations integrated the thoughts of pre-Qin Confucianism and Legalists, and put forward "four dimensions" (courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame) and "eight virtues" (loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, righteousness, harmony and equality).

Dong Zhongshu put forward the "three cardinal guides and five permanents", in which the monarch is the minister's guide, the father is the son's guide and the husband is the wife's guide; Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.

Benevolence is generosity, righteousness is integrity, courtesy is humility, wisdom is talent, and faith is honesty. Mencius put forward "benevolence, courtesy and wisdom", and Dong Zhongshu extended it to "benevolence, courtesy and wisdom", later called "the five permanent members". These "five permanent members" run through the development of China's ethics and become the core factor in China's value system.

Benevolence is the most basic and highest virtue, and it is also the most common virtue standard. The ancient humanistic feelings with benevolence as the core can be transformed into modern humanistic spirit through modern transformation.

The combination of benevolence and righteousness, as the representative of morality: "Benevolence is extremely forbearing." Righteousness has become a kind of outlook on life and values, such as "duty-bound", "duty-bound", "courageous", "duty-bound" and "upright". Righteousness is the responsibility and dedication of life, such as free clinic, charity performance, charity sale and obligation. This is still a manifestation of China people's lofty morality.

Courtesy and benevolence are both exterior and interior, benevolence is the internal spirit of propriety, and paying attention to propriety is an important traditional virtue of "a state of etiquette". "Li Ming" talks about civilization in a broad sense; In a narrow sense, as a manifestation of treating people and things, it is called "ceremony" and "etiquette"; As a kind of cultivation, it is called "politeness"; Used to deal with the relationship with others, it is called "comity". All these have become the representation and intuitive display of the civilization degree of a person, a society and a country. Beijing is vigorously carrying out etiquette education to welcome the Olympic Games. The value orientation of "courtesy, harmony is precious" is "harmony". Inheriting and carrying forward rites is the need of building a harmonious society.

Wisdom can extend from moral wisdom to scientific wisdom, and combine scientific spirit with humanistic spirit, which we still want to carry forward today.

Faith is the foundation of being a man and the way to develop your career and manage the world. Keeping promises and keeping promises are the recognized value standards and basic virtues of the Chinese nation.

The meaning of four dimensions and eight virtues

"Four dimensions and eight virtues" is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation, the quintessence of our country and our foundation. Without roots, there is a danger of national extinction.

Sun Yat-sen, the father of our country, founded the Republic of China. As a national costume, Zhongshan suit has the following meanings: the first four pockets represent the four dimensions of the country (courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame); The front five buttons are the separation of five powers (administrative, legislative, judicial, examination and supervision) different from the separation of three powers in the west; The three buttons on the cuff represent the Three People's Principles (nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood); The back is not broken either. The design of clothing contains the principle of governing the country.

In the early days of People's Republic of China (PRC), President Mao Zedong began to punish corruption. He once said this kind of inspirational words: "Governing the country is to govern officials, be courteous and honest, and have four dimensions of the country;" If the four dimensions are not open, the country will not be a country. If the martyr's family members are shameless, corrupt and run amok, and there is no way for the state to govern them, then the world will be in chaos and the people will be Li Zicheng. The Kuomintang is like this, and so will the * * * production party. "

The Chinese nation has always paid attention to "four dimensions and eight virtues". It constitutes the cornerstone of the moral standards of the Chinese people, the virtue inherited by the Chinese nation for thousands of years, and the national quintessence that our country can be proud of. Come to think of it, they have no dross on them. It was never feudal ethics, but the essence of China's humanistic spirit.

In the long historical years, the Chinese nation has survived vicissitudes because its people have excellent cultural heritage, the spirit of benevolence and righteousness flows in their blood, and the pure concept of honor and disgrace condenses in their hearts. The ancient sages established a beautiful spiritual realm for us. The gentleman's personality of "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and powerful people can't bend", the martyr's feelings of "five buckets of rice don't bend over" for people's integrity, and "people can't be inferior to nobles" It has inspired countless people to advance wave after wave for justice, freedom and dignity. Today, the prosperity of the country, people's happiness and national dignity are all linked with the concept of honor and disgrace closely related to Chinese civilization. Therefore, people's correct concept of honor and disgrace is not a trivial matter, it is related to the life and death of a country and a nation. The people of the whole country know the moral standards of what can and cannot be done, and the whole people have a sense of honor and shame, so that the Chinese nation can avoid humiliation.

Four-dimensional meaning

What is the gift? Politeness is civilization, politeness, knowledge and human cultivation. It is the most reasonable way of behavior when people communicate with each other. Therefore, Zuo Zhuan said: "The philosophers are reasonable." If the society wants to move towards harmony, it must overcome the chaotic state. Everyone knows how to respect each other and be humble to each other, which requires courtesy and guidance.

Ceremony is the principle of being a man and the order of doing things, so ceremony is a saint: ceremony is ceremony. Rites should start with "sitting, advancing and retreating, giving way and answering", and show the behavior of "respecting relatives, respecting the elderly, loving relatives and being good neighbors".

What is righteousness? Righteousness means justice, honesty, friendship, justice, openness, decent style and no intrigue. When people see something that makes sense, even if it is not directly related to them, even if it is dangerous, they should stand up and defend justice and speak out. This is what later generations often say: "Being brave." Righteousness is the pillar of ethics and the source of spirit; Therefore, we should plant righteousness in our hearts, hold high the torch of justice, and eliminate the evil spirit invisibly.

What is Lian? Honesty means being honest and clean, being noble and selfless, having no desire, not being greedy and not occupying, leading an honest life and serving the public. In ancient times, taxis regarded honesty as an important moral norm. Cleanliness is the main indicator of official sound quality. Officials have the responsibility to lead the society. If you can't be honest and self-disciplined, you will become a social moth and harm others.

Honesty can really improve people's character and improve the management of officials. Besides, money is a foreign thing. If you don't carry it with you when you are alive, why be a slave to money! How about setting a net for yourself? If we can advocate frugality, frugality and frugality, we will be happy!

What is shame? Shame is a sense of shame, and it is the bottom line of being a man, otherwise it is not worthy to be a man. Mencius said that people have four good qualities, and "shame and evil" is one of them, that is, they are disgusted with the bad things that harm others and themselves, and are ashamed to do them, even if they are killed. This is a reflection of the concept of right and wrong. Therefore, shame is a gentleman, shame is a villain; If you know shame, you will be loyal and filial, and if you don't know shame, you will be ruthless. Therefore, it is imperative for us young people to use the word "shameless" and the word "revenge" to fight-to be pioneers of the people and to clean up the blood smeared in the history of China! Shake our souls and prosper our luck!

The meaning of eight virtues

Eight virtues are filial piety, filial piety, loyalty, faithfulness, courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame.

Confucian "three dads" thought: The Analects of Confucius put forward the theory of "wisdom, benevolence and courage". Those who know (wisdom) are not confused, those who are benevolent are not worried, and those who are brave are not afraid. The Analects of Confucius Zi Han and The Doctrine of the Mean further summarized it as the ideal personality theory of "three virtues": "Wisdom, benevolence and courage are the virtues in the world".

1. Ren is the name of all virtues.

Its essence is "love" and it has two principles:

(1) "You can stand up if you want, and you can reach if you want";

(2) "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you". "Love" begins with "self-love". Kind people get rich, and unkind people get rich. "University"

On the basis of "self-love" and "self-respect", self-love extends to loving and respecting one's parents, brothers and their families, that is, kissing love based on blood relationship. To carry out the love of "kissing" in governing the country is to carry out the concept of "governing the country by virtue".

2. Wisdom is wisdom.

The so-called "wisdom" of Confucianism is a word "Ming". Wisdom is also clear. (The Complete Works of Zeng Guofan, Zeng and Miscellaneous Works, Volume 4, Book 6)

As a category of moralism, the concept of "wisdom" is to distinguish right from wrong and good from evil.

As a category of epistemology, the concept of "wisdom" is to know the interests and understand the reasons.

"Wisdom" also requires a gentleman to be good at knowing people.

3. Brave people are not afraid.

Confucianism divides "courage" into "courage of benevolence and righteousness" and "courage of violating righteousness"

Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties divided "courage" into "bloody courage" and "righteous courage".

4. Conclusion.

(1) The ideal personality theory of "three dads" is mainly based on "benevolence" and based on "benevolence". Therefore, the dominance of "benevolence" is overemphasized, while the relative independence of "wisdom" and "courage" is ignored.

(2) From the internal structure of "wisdom" and "courage", it is also flawed. The ideal personality of "three virtues" is the product of natural economy, a kind of "one-sided moral personality" and a personality model that is not fully adapted to the modern market economy. Confucian gentleman's personality of "wisdom", "benevolence" and "courage", although limited by the times, also has eternal universality, which contains many noble human morals and provides rich cultural resources for the construction of modern Confucian merchant personality.

Three cardinal guides and five permanents in Confucian ethics

Three cardinal guides and five permanents are the framework of Confucian ethical culture in China. The three cardinal guides and five permanent members originated from Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Story in the Western Han Dynasty, but it originated from Confucius at the earliest. Peace in The Analects of Confucius? As for politics: "You can know the gains and losses of Yin": "Ma Rong said:" The reason is the three cardinal principles and the five permanent members. "。 This concept of Ming Jiao is an important part of Confucian political thought, that is, to educate the world through Ming Jiao, so as to maintain social ethics and political system.

Source: The Analects of Confucius? For politics, "Yin Yin, gains and losses are also known." Yanhe explained: "Ma Rong said:' The reason is that the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members are also well known. "

"Three cardinal principles" means "the monarch is the minister's cardinal principle", "the father is the child's cardinal principle" and "the husband is the wife's cardinal principle";

The "five permanent members" refer to "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith".

▲ "Three cardinal guides" refers to "the monarch is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife". It is required that ministers, sons and wives must absolutely obey the monarch, father and husband, and also require the monarch, father and husband to set an example for ministers, sons and wives. It reflects a special moral relationship between monarch and minister, father and son and husband and wife in feudal society.

▲ The "Five Permanent Principles", namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faithfulness, are the code of conduct used to adjust and standardize interpersonal relationships among monarch, minister, father and son, brother, husband and wife and friends.

Shiyi

The ancients in our country paid great attention to the ten meanings, and everyone should follow them and not neglect them. What are the eleven meanings? It is the ten virtues of father's kindness, son's filial piety, husband's harmony, woman's obedience, brother's friend, brother's respect, friendship, friendship, respect for the monarch and loyalty to the minister.

Saint Amethyst's expression of the ten meanings is: "The father and son are kind, the husband and wife are harmonious, brothers and friends, brothers and sisters respect, parents respect, relatives and friends respect, and ministers are loyal. These ten meanings are shared by everyone."

Book of rites? Li yun The ten meanings are: father's kindness, son's filial piety, brother's kindness, brother's kindness, husband's righteousness, woman's listening, long benefit, young obedience, gentleman's benevolence and minister's loyalty.

Between father and son, we should pay attention to love and filial piety. Husband and wife should live in harmony. An elder brother must love his younger brother. A younger brother should respect or respect his older brother. Pay attention to the order of generations when communicating. Friends should pay attention to each other's faithfulness when they get along. You mainly respect courtiers. Servants should be loyal to the monarch.

This is an appropriate code of conduct that everyone should do. To sum up, it is: a father is kind to his son, a couple is obedient, a brother is respectful, a friend is trustworthy, and a gentleman is loyal to his subjects.