What is the evolution of business development models?

Models of enterprise development: a division from the perspective of enterprise organization and transactional relationships

(I) Introduction.

From the history of the evolution of enterprise development, we notice that with the gradual establishment of the market economic system and the change of market pattern, the influence of the factor characteristics such as "ownership" on the development of the enterprise has become more and more diluted, and the influence of the factors such as the characteristics of the enterprise's products and technology, the characteristics of the specialization of the assets, and the characteristics of the transactions on the development of the enterprise has become more and more strong, which has led to the formation of different types of enterprise development models. The influence of factors such as product technology, asset specialization and transaction characteristics on enterprise development has been increasing, and different types of enterprise models have been formed as a result. It can be assumed that in the future development, with the gradual establishment and perfection of the market economy system, the characteristics of the "township" in the enterprise divided between urban and rural areas will be more and more blurred, while the characteristics of the "enterprise" in the market will be more and more prominent, and the development of the enterprise will be more in line with the evolution of the enterprise as the main body of the market competition. The development of enterprises will be more in line with the general law of the development and evolution of enterprises as the main body of market competition, and the results of market competition will make enterprises gradually differentiate or integrate, thus forming diversified ways of entering the market. With the theory of institutional economics to explain why there will be such a variety of enterprises to organize their transactions, in essence, is to analyze and generalize the diversified mode of development of enterprises.

(2) The mode of enterprise development from the perspective of enterprise organization and its transaction relationship.

1. Basic analytical framework. In this part, we regard the enterprise as a place where resource allocation is carried out. According to Coase's theory of the firm, the use of the enterprise system to replace the price mechanism for the allocation of resources is to reduce transaction costs, and the existence of the enterprise is due to the use of the market price mechanism for the exchange of costs. Coase's view was further developed in Williamson's theory of transaction costs, where Williamson proposed that transaction characteristics such as asset specialization and frequency of transactions are the main factors in a firm's choice of its trading relationships. Specifically, the "market" as a governance structure is advantageous in the absence of transaction-specific investments or when transactions are frequent, and corporate contracts are more important when investments are transaction-specific, and as investments in specialized assets increase, contractual arrangements shift from short-term to longer-term contracts, and ultimately to vertical integration (e.g., when assets are highly specialized, firms are more likely to be vertically integrated). Because when assets are highly specialized, the risk to market governance is high due to the "lock-in" effect of the assets, where asset specialization includes location specialization, physical asset specialization, human asset specialization, and specialized assets. The New Transaction Cost Economics of Dicky extends Williamson's approach to transaction costs into a broader theoretical framework. Unlike Williamson's minimization of transaction costs as the core of the study of firms, markets and their hybrid forms, Dietrich puts great emphasis on the firm as the core of production and marketing activities, and introduces the concept of "efficiency" into the analysis of different transaction methods such as firms, markets and their hybrid forms, pointing out that the appropriateness of an organization does not necessarily depend on transaction costs, but must also be based on the cost of the transaction. It points out that the suitability of a mode of organization does not necessarily depend on transaction costs, but must also be based on a comparison of the respective benefits, and that the managerial benefits of a firm depend mainly on its unique technological advantages and monopoly power. When skills and asset utilization are unique, the benefits generated within the firm's organization are higher, even though the costs of managing the internal organization may be higher than the costs of market-based management that can replace it. But whether it is Coase, Williamson or Deitch, one of the ****similarities in their analyses of the way firms transact is the prerequisite of a well-developed market economic system, while firms developed under a planned economic system that lacked market exchanges, and it is precisely the development of firms that has injected China with the dynamism of a market economy. Therefore, when analyzing the enterprise development model in this part, in addition to applying the relevant enterprise theories of new institutional economics, the importance of the institutional environment will be particularly emphasized, and the socio-economic system will be taken as one of the main influencing factors in the formation of the enterprise development model. That is, the formation of a coordinated type of enterprise is influenced not only by the technological characteristics of the industry, but also by the broader social system, because of the complementarity and self-restraint between the systems.

Using the relevant theories of new institutional economics and combining them with China's actual situation, we put forward the following hypotheses: (1) the macroeconomic and social political system determines the basic space of development modes available to enterprises; (2) when the constraints of the external institutional environment are gradually lifted, the choice of development modes of enterprises increasingly relies on the basic attributes of the enterprises themselves, which are manifested in the specialization of the assets, the asset transaction Frequency, as well as the product's unique technological advantage and monopoly power and other factors; (3) due to the existence of path dependence of institutional change, as well as the existence of self-constraints between the system and the characteristics of complementarity, even in the case of the same or similar natural attributes of the enterprise, the enterprise is also entirely possible to choose a different way of organizing the transaction and thus a different mode of development.

2. Types of basic modes of enterprise development. According to the way the enterprise organizes the trading of its products and coordinates with the market, the development mode of the enterprise is initially divided into self-independent development type, quasi (semi) independent development type and completely dependent type. Among them, the self-independent development type refers to the enterprise's independent operation, with its own brand or independent products, the enterprise does not rely on a specific trading market to enter the market, but through the development of sales channels, the establishment of the enterprise's self-market network, and the products are directly facing the domestic market and even the international market. Enterprises to take this development mode is usually a relatively strong business strength of large and medium-sized enterprises as the main body; quasi (semi-) independent development type refers to the local professional market as the basis of the "store and factory" type of enterprises, as well as local resources, traditional technology as the basis for the local regional market for the sales radius of traditional products production enterprises, including specialized in the production, supply of raw materials, supply of raw materials for large enterprises. For large enterprises to produce, supply raw materials, parts and components of the contracting system of enterprises; dependent refers to the enterprise itself does not have independent production products, for other enterprises to process products, processing fees. A large number of small and medium-sized township enterprises with limited assets and low technological content are the main body of the dependent or quasi-independent development mode.

This study tries to analyze the evolution of enterprise development mode from the following perspectives. First, the formation of the enterprise development mode is the result of the external institutional environment, historical and cultural heritage, as well as the enterprise's own product technology characteristics, asset specialization characteristics and transaction frequency characteristics and other elements **** the same role, although the various elements in the different development modes, the enterprise development of the different phases of the role played by different elements is not equal; Second, from the micro level, the development of enterprises followed by the dependent type, Second, at the micro level, the development of enterprises follows an evolutionary path from dependent to quasi (semi) independent and then to independent; there is no absolute boundary between various types of enterprise development modes, and there is a mutual transformation between development modes, especially when the development stage of the enterprise changes and when the external market conditions undergo major adjustments, this mutual transformation between different development modes is more prominent. Thirdly, for a particular enterprise, its development mode can take two of these modes at the same time, but there is always a main mode between them; Fourthly, all kinds of development modes have relative stability and long-term vitality.

(3) The formation of various types of enterprise development mode.

From the mainstream of the historical development of enterprises, the development of enterprises has largely experienced the process from the dependent and quasi-independent as the main body to the independent and dependent and quasi-independent mode of development coexist.

1. Before the reform and opening up, the macro-planned economic system and the micro-people's commune organization and institutional arrangements to a greater extent restricted the free choice of the development mode of social enterprises (predecessor of the enterprise) space. It can be said that, under the planned economic system, the influence of the social and economic system environment on the development mode of the enterprise exceeds the influence of industrial technology characteristics on the development mode of the enterprise, which to a large extent provides for the formation of enterprise-dependent and quasi-independent development mode as the main mode of development of the enterprise, and the limited reserves of the farmers of technology, operation and capital supply and other factors, and further strengthen the enterprise of the two development modes of the main position. The main position.

The predecessor of the enterprise is the social enterprise in the people's commune period, the formation of the enterprise development mode and its social enterprise laid the foundation for the development of the development of social enterprises and the development direction established has a strong "self-restraint", that is, the path of dependence. Therefore, to explore the development model of the enterprise is very necessary to trace back to the people's commune period of the development of social enterprises.

Social enterprises were born in the period of the people's commune, which is the product of the 1958 "Great Leap Forward". 1958, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Central Committee, "on the resolution on a number of issues of the people's commune" pointed out that "the people's commune must be a large industrial", after the "people's commune", the communal industry began to be separated from agriculture to become a rural community. After the Resolution of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee on Certain Issues of the People's Commune stated that "the people's commune must set up large-scale industries," the industry of the commune began to detach itself from agriculture and became an independent industry in the industrial structure of the countryside, and was no longer a sideline attached to agriculture. Moreover, the Party committees of many people's communes set up special industrial secretaries, and the management committees of the communes set up industrial management organizations, thus forming a management system in which government and enterprises were not separated from each other, with the township governments directly running industries. Under the macro background of running iron and steel, the development of commune industry basically centered around the iron and steel industry, building small ironworks, small coal kilns, small mines, small cement and small agricultural machinery repair, etc., and converting many handicrafts and small factories for rough processing of agricultural and sideline products set up by agricultural cooperatives into commune industry without compensation. 1962, "(the) three levels of ownership (of the commune, the brigade, and the production team) are based on the (production) team". （In 1962, after the establishment of the people's commune system based on "production brigades, production teams", the commune industries were transformed into community enterprises accordingly. According to the relevant provisions of the central government in the same year, the community enterprises were mainly placed at the level of the production team as a sideline business, and the main business areas were, firstly, to carry out short-distance transportation and other activities in the idle season, and secondly, to carry out the rough processing of agricultural and sideline products. Therefore, during this period, the community enterprises returned to the status of "side business", without their own independent development space, the radius of their business activities is basically limited to the community within the community to serve the members as the center, the development of this stage of the community enterprises is dependent on the communal economy.

Despite the low tide of the development of community enterprises in the early 1960s, the experience accumulated in the people's communalization of iron and steel in the establishment of industrial enterprises has become a rich institutional legacy of the formation of the development of various types of enterprises, for many of the original community has never been involved in the industry, the development of community industry is no longer a very strange new thing, which began to have a The development of community industry was no longer a new thing to many communities that had never been involved in industry before, and they began to have a preliminary understanding of it, and thus were often able to capture new development opportunities more keenly once they arose. In this period, a number of social collectives and urban workers returned to their hometowns to join hands to create a small boom in the development of community enterprises oriented to the service of large industries and enterprises is a typical example. in the early sixties, the state in the economic adjustment of a number of urban workers and in the Ministry of the lower back to the village. Using these talents and the social network and information resources they brought with them, some social teams established links with urban enterprises, processing and producing supporting parts for large enterprises or providing overhauling services for enterprise equipment, etc. The combination of the two sides initially created a situation in which enterprises relied on the services of large enterprises. The combination of the two sides initially formed the beginnings of an enterprise-dependent and quasi-independent development model. This development path into the market continued until the 60s and early 70s when the urban intellectual youth went to the countryside to exercise their labor. According to a typical survey in Wuxi County, about one-third of the skilled old workers with urban working experience in the social industrial enterprises founded before the 1920s, and in Fu'an Village, Haicheng City, Liaoning Province, the building materials factory and foundry established by the brigade in the early 1960s and 1970s respectively took advantage of the technical strength and information sources of the workers who returned to their hometowns from Anshan Iron & Steel and other foreign countries, as well as of the family networks of the young intellectuals, and the raw materials for the production of which were either home-grown (e.g., building materials) or produced by the brigade itself, or were produced by the brigade. The raw materials were either produced by the production brigade (e.g. building materials) or provided directly by the manufacturers (e.g. foundry), and the sales of the factory products were directly supplied to the relevant local building production units or Anshan Iron and Steel enterprises linked to the factory.

In 1970, the State Council's Northern Region Agricultural Conference put forward the basic realization of agricultural mechanization in 1980, the development of social enterprises and ushered in a new opportunity for development. The meeting called for the establishment of the county, the community, the team three-level agricultural machinery repair plant, the development of small iron and steel, small coal kilns, small hydropower, small fertilizers, small machinery repair and other local "five small" industry, the funds required in addition to self-financing by the community, the State to support the People's Commune funds to be used to develop the focus on agricultural mechanization. According to statistics, by the end of 1971, 96% of the counties in the country had set up agricultural machinery repair factories, and people's communes all over the country had set up agricultural machinery repair (distribution) factories (stations), and repair points had been set up at the brigade level. Some of them, after hard work, stood out, and finally gradually developed and expanded into independent enterprises with their own stereotyped products. Therefore, the "five small" enterprise development strategy established by the Agricultural Conference of the Northern Region provided the greatest opportunity for the development of community enterprises at that time, which was that the people's communes and production brigades finally had the opportunity to develop their own industries independently and entrepreneurially in the name of their own, and played the prelude to the great development of the enterprises in the 20's and 80's. Although according to the state regulations at that time, some of them had been set up as repair points, and some of them gradually developed and expanded into independent enterprises with their own stereotyped products after hard work. Although according to the state regulations at that time, "five small" enterprise business purpose is to serve for the local agricultural mechanization, but with the community industry since 1962 has been placed in the development of the rural sector of the development of the positioning of the new rural industrial development policy is a leap forward. It shifted the field of agricultural services of the social enterprises from the main service of farmers' life and repair of agricultural tools to the main service of agricultural production, thus enabling the social enterprises to develop step by step from small to large, and to enter into the production of machinery, metallurgy, building materials, chemical industry, etc. extensively, and to expand the space of business outward on the basis of meeting the internal needs of the people's commune, and once the external institutional environment is relaxed and the market is liberalized, the enterprises can take a big step forward to the development of the local agricultural mechanization. Once the external institutional environment is relaxed and the market is liberalized, the enterprises can enter the normal track of healthy development with great strides. Many of the community agricultural machinery factory from the initial simple mechanical parts processing, agricultural machinery repair, the development of later manufacturing agricultural equipment, some non-standard mechanical products, until the final production of bulk standardized products.

However, under the system of people's commune, no matter what degree of improvement in the technology and product level of the community enterprises, the community enterprises in the construction of the internal system have no substantial breakthroughs in the development of the community enterprises have always been dependent on the collective economy of the commune or the brigade, rather than an independently accounted for by the business entity. The labor force of the social team enterprises was mainly drawn from each production team, and the internal labor system was implemented; the social team enterprises did not carry out separate economic accounting, and the employees of the enterprises were still working as they did in the production teams; they were usually credited in the factories, and at the end of the year, they returned to their respective teams to participate in the distribution of proceeds, and they were paid differently for the same work, and the level of income depended on the level of the operation of their teams. (After the 70's, a lot of the social team enterprises began to carry out independent accounting. (After the 1970s, many social enterprises began to carry out independent accounting, but the profit distribution ratio of the enterprise is still controlled in the hands of the commune or brigade); and, under the highly centralized and unified management system of material management in the planned economy, the raw materials of social enterprises basically cannot be obtained through the national planned supply channels, and they can only find their own way. Some of them take "barter" with urban enterprises, i.e. exchanging agricultural by-products and production products of enterprises for raw materials, some of them utilize joint ventures with large and medium-sized enterprises to supply raw materials directly from each other, and some of them make use of large enterprises and marginal wastes from cities. At the same time, the sales of the social enterprises could not enter the market normally. The limitations of the macro system of the planned economy and the emblematic system of the people's commune have made it difficult for the community enterprises to form an independent mode of development, and, except for a few enterprises, the development of the vast majority of the community enterprises is dependent on the economy within the scope of their own commune or their own brigade, and is dependent on the development of large and medium-sized enterprises.

This situation has continued until the end of the 1970s, when the implementation of the household contract responsibility system in the countryside, the people's commune system began to disintegrate; the macroeconomic system also began to loosen, the central work conference proposed the development of the national economy to the planned economy, while paying full attention to the auxiliary role of the market regulation, the establishment of the mode of development of the community team enterprises has been a fundamental change, the community team enterprises finally began to get rid of the shackles of the system, and the community team enterprises are more and more important. began to get rid of the shackles of the system, more from the enterprise's own technical and trading characteristics to choose the way to enter the market.

2. Since the reform and opening up, with the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system and the establishment of the system to protect the individual property rights of farmers, especially in 1984, the central government forwarded the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries "on the creation of a new situation in the social enterprise report", the role of institutional obstacles in the choice of enterprise development model is gradually weakening, and market constraints, financial capital and human capital elements of constraints, and enterprise product restructuring. constraints and the influence of enterprise product restructuring have been gradually strengthened. In particular, the formation of the buyer's market pattern and the development trend of economic globalization have had a far-reaching impact on the evolution of the enterprise development model. The establishment of enterprise development model increasingly shows a market-oriented results.

When the institutional restraints that hindered the development of enterprises were broken, in the mid-1980s, the development of enterprises entered a period of splendor never seen before in history. Some enterprises that had already accumulated a certain amount during the people's commune period began to evolve toward an independent type of development mode, but at the overall level, constrained by the characteristics of their own factor supply, the enterprises still basically moved forward in a dependent and quasi-independent development mode. On the one hand, along the development path that has been established, enterprises in the original social enterprises on the basis of continue to grow bigger and better; on the other hand, enterprises give full play to the local nature, location, human resources advantage endowment, and actively explore, explore the market, and seek a new path of development.

In the use of local resources endowed with the creation of enterprises, mainly through two major ways to develop themselves. One is to use the radiation of large and medium-sized city industry, for the enterprise production and processing of supporting parts and components, processing, become the city of large and medium-sized enterprises affiliated workshop, and some directly for the foreign trade processing products, access to processing fees. Choose this type of development mode of most enterprises are concentrated in the eastern part of the more developed industrial and commercial areas, some of them on the basis of the gradual development and growth up, get rid of the dependence on large and medium-sized enterprises, evolved into an independent mode of development, there are still quite a lot of enterprises either closed down, or still stay in the original dependence on the quasi-independent type of development mode.

For those traditional agricultural areas far away from big cities and big industries, enterprises have more often embarked on a quasi-independent or even independent development mode by fully exploiting the advantages of local natural and human resources. Their production is usually based on local agricultural and sideline resources, underground mineral resources and traditional handmade crafts, etc., and their products are mainly large-volume and wide-ranging bulk products, and a considerable number of enterprises are relying on the local professional market for the sale of their products, or enterprises directly with the users to establish a long-term supply relationship, or through vendors and brokers to enter the market. At the same time, there are also a large number of enterprises still retained the original traditional family workshop-style production methods, enterprises do not have their own unique products, rather than a business, rather than a labor processing fees to earn a production and processing workshop.

In the development of local underground resources to develop enterprises, the vast majority of them are to take the family workshop type of production mode, the development of enterprises is still stuck in the stage of the original dependence on the mode of development. To coal mining, for example, in Shanxi province with thousands of years of coal mining history, a considerable number of enterprises coal mine is to take a very primitive, no production equipment, no safety measures of artificial mining, and this situation can not be improved for many years, the production of raw coal is usually sold directly to the transportation and marketing of large or designated enterprises, units, in the lack of independent products, the lack of self-marketing channels in the case of the enterprise, the enterprise's win profit level is very limited! The survey in Lucheng City showed that 1 ton of raw coal can only earn a few dollars, but the destruction of resources and the environment is very serious. According to the statistics of Shanxi province, by the end of 1999, the province closed 2851 enterprise coal mines, pressure production of 68.67 million tons. Another example is in the Bijie area of Guizhou Province, according to the introduction of the Regional Enterprise Bureau, 2000 average employment per enterprise is only 4 people, enterprises engaged in the industry is basically a mineral resource-based, the main products are coal, lead, yellow phosphorus, pig iron, etc., there is a scientific and technological content of less than 1 percent of the products to enter the market is the main way to sell the resources through the vendors or the user directly, if the implementation of the central government put forward by the closure of the following 30,000 tons of small If the implementation of the central government's policy of closing down small coal kilns of less than 30,000 tons, it will affect more than 90% of the coal mines in the region.

3. Since the 1990s, especially since the late 1990s, after the development of the people's commune period and the reform and opening up for many years, a number of enterprises of the best in the fierce market competition, stand out, and ultimately embarked on the road of development of the independent type, and to become the front-runner of the same industry in China. Some of them are from scratch, from the quasi-independent or even completely dependent on the development model through the self-roll up step by step, and some are in the creation of the enterprise from a high starting point, directly facing the domestic (international) market, and the founding of these enterprises is often no longer the boss of the ordinary farmers, but entrepreneurs have completed the original accumulation of capital in a variety of ways. These enterprises are characterized by more advanced production equipment and technical force in the same industry, the enterprise's production scale is larger, the production of product series.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, by the end of 1999, the number of enterprises with business income of more than 10 million yuan had reached more than 52,000, accounting for 0.3% of the total number of enterprises, with a business income of 2,300 billion yuan, accounting for 23% of the total business income of the national enterprises.

(D) the formation of various modes of enterprise development of the main factors of analysis.

From the analysis in part (ii) of this section, we can see that the evolution of enterprise development mode is very complex. Although the dominant direction of enterprise development is along the path from dependent to quasi-independent to independent, there are still a considerable number of enterprises that remain in the dependent mode, especially the quasi-independent mode, after many years of development; and there are also a large number of enterprises that chose the independent mode of development in the beginning, and, in addition, there is no lack of individual enterprises that have returned from the independent mode to the quasi-independent mode. In addition, there are not a few enterprises that have returned from the independent development mode to the quasi-independent development mode. Why does the development of enterprises show such a variety of development modes, and what factors determine the choice and evolution of enterprise development modes? Here, it will be analyzed based on the basic framework established in part (ii).

Firstly, the formation of enterprise development model is firstly subject to the basic framework stipulated by the institutional environment, and the complementarity and self-restraint of the system play an important role. Before the reform and opening up, in order to realize the strategy of catching up and prioritizing the development of heavy industry, China practiced a highly centralized planned economic system and a micro-management mechanism without any autonomy, that is, the resource allocation of the whole society was built on the basis of the planned allocation, which didn't allow the existence of the market allocation mechanism, and the enterprise was only as a unit producing products according to the planned requirements rather than as a basic place for the resource allocation, and the resources required for the enterprise production were not available. The basic place, enterprise production needs of labor, capital, site and technology, etc. are all through the highly centralized planning channel distribution, the production of products are also included in the planning distribution channels. Under this highly centralized traditional economic system, the development mode of enterprises is basically limited to the people's commune system, and the production of enterprises is centered around serving the economy of the commune and the life of the commune members. Even if it is out of the people's commune transactions, the enterprise's factors of production allocation can not enter the main channel of the planned configuration, and because of the free market for general commodity trading and prohibit the existence of enterprises can only be in the cracks of survival and development, such as through the product of the "barter" (eg, Fu'an Village), through direct linkage with the supply unit (eg, Zibo City), the enterprise's production and development. Linked (such as Zibo Changya paper machinery, Fu An village), and even efforts to squeeze into the national program resource arrangements (such as Haicheng City, three fish pump industry) and so on. Under the constraints of the institutional environment, by the system of complementarity and self-restraint, the enterprise's development model is almost no choice of independent development model possible, only to go dependent and quasi-independent development model.

After the reform and opening up, when the institutional constraints binding the development of enterprises are gradually lifted, the formation of the enterprise development model no longer exists after the institutional obstacles, the evolution of the enterprise development model is more subject to their own characteristics of the impact of a variety of performance as a result of market-oriented choice.

Secondly, the characteristics of enterprise asset specialization and transaction frequency are the main factors determining the choice of enterprise development mode. For the existence of a large number of small family-owned enterprises, the main input of the enterprise is the output of the physical strength or basic skills of the workers, due to the enterprise's very limited investment in specialized assets, such as production sites are often the use of the family courtyard, and thus basically no site-specific investment; means of production are usually used in the use of some simple tools or simple equipment, the scale of investment in the specialization of the physical assets is very small; the technical content of products is usually very low, and the frequency of transactions is a major factor in determining the choice of enterprise development model. The technological content of the products is usually very low or even non-existent, the labor force does not need a long period of training, and skilled production is the main focus, so there is basically no investment in human assets; as for the investment in specialized assets for a particular buyer, it is almost non-existent. In addition, the enterprise's transaction frequency elasticity is relatively large, when the market is booming, the enterprise can carry out through overtime to increase production and realize the number of relatively frequent transactions; and when the market is in the doldrums, the enterprise can immediately stop production, and the labor force will then turn to agricultural production, or labor export. Therefore, the threat of opportunism faced by the enterprise is almost non-existent, the degree of market risk is relatively small, under these conditions, to take directly to the product specialized market wholesalers or by the traders door-to-door purchase, or directly for large and medium-sized enterprises to provide the processing parts of the entry into the market is more advantageous, dependence or quasi-independence of the development mode has become an effective choice of enterprises, which not only reduces the enterprise to look for information, Negotiations, signing contracts and pay the cost, and direct sales costs are greatly reduced, or even zero, the enterprise thus has the possibility to minimize the price of the product, in a considerable number of cases only to obtain the basic remuneration of labor, effectively improve the competitiveness of the product.

With the enhancement of the enterprise's asset specialization, the proportion of the enterprise's sunk cost is also significantly higher, the cost of the market opportunistic risk borne by the enterprise is also increasing, due to the lock-in problem, the enterprise is no longer possible to just put the investment mainly on the production, but need to have more energy to invest in the trading contract, seek more marketing channels, and the increase of the asset specialization of the investment, it also Means that the enterprise production needs to maintain a more stable scale of output, in order to reduce the proportion of asset-specific investment in the cost of the product, and thus the enterprise from their own technical characteristics require a stable and larger frequency of transactions, otherwise if the product of the market is small, it will be difficult to recover the investment in specialized assets. Therefore, both the elemental characteristics of asset specialization and the elemental characteristics of the enterprise's transaction frequency require that the enterprise cannot rely solely on the buying and selling of current transactions in a particular market, but must establish specialized and relatively independent market channels. In this case, enterprises need to take the initiative to occupy the market, the use of a variety of modern marketing tools to establish their own long-term and stable market sales network, the enterprise has embarked on an independent mode of development.

Third, the uniqueness of the enterprise's product technology is also an important parameter affecting the enterprise's choice of development mode. For those enterprises producing bulk products, due to the lack of unique technological content of the product, the entry threshold of the enterprise is relatively low, and the enterprise's products are closer to the structure of the fully competitive market, and thus it is the market that chooses the enterprise's products, rather than the other way around. In this case, the enterprise often needs to utilize the existing product market to obtain a place in the market by price or quality, and thus the enterprise is advancing in a dependent or quasi-independent development mode. For those enterprises that are able to produce products with technical uniqueness, it is possible for them to utilize the special functions or special qualities of their products to open up a new market area, and although the transaction costs for this purpose will increase, the monopoly price obtained due to product differentiation will enable the enterprises to obtain more net income. Therefore, enterprises with product technology uniqueness usually choose the independent development mode. It is worth pointing out that asset-specific investment and product technology uniqueness are often closely linked, and product technology uniqueness of an enterprise is often obtained due to the enterprise's specialized asset investment, such as the specialized place investment in brand-name wines, the specialized human asset investment in new nanotechnology materials and the specialized physical asset investment, as well as the specialized asset investment to satisfy the needs of a particular customer.

(v) Evolutionary trend of enterprise development model.

First, the future evolution of the enterprise development model will be more in line with the general law of enterprise development and change under the conditions of the market economy, and the institutional barriers to enterprise development will gradually die out. In a fairly long period of time in the future, the development pattern of enterprises will be a basic pattern with the independent development pattern as the dominant one and the dependent and quasi-independent development pattern as the main one.

Secondly, with the acceleration of the process of economic globalization and the further solidification of the domestic buyer's market pattern, the market environment facing the development of enterprises will be further severe, a part of the primitive accumulation of industrialization has been completed, enter the benign development of the track of the enterprise will be possible to gradually form or establish an independent type of development mode, and for a large number of production of large-volume products, the limited scale of the enterprise For a large number of enterprises producing bulk products and with limited enterprise scale, their dependent or quasi-independent development mode will not be changed significantly. Especially for those who have never been involved in non-agricultural farmer entrepreneurs, due to the dependence and quasi-independent development model has a low-cost expansion of the special competitive advantages, they are almost farmers into non-agricultural entrepreneurship, the creation of new enterprises can choose the only way of development; the threshold for starting a business will be significantly higher, "bare hands and empty fists set of white wolves "The era of the past, the theme of enterprise development will be to adjust the strategy, the correct positioning, and no longer expand the number of "running horses to occupy the land".

Thirdly, in the future development, the speed of enterprise differentiation and integration will be further accelerated, in the path of dependence and the intensification of competition in the market under the dual role of dependent or quasi-independent enterprises to the independent evolution of the road will be more difficult to be eliminated in the competition in the number of enterprises will be out of the game will increase, and embark on the development of an independent mode of enterprise and those who are still dependent or quasi-independent development model will be the gap between the enterprises and the dependent or quasi-independent development model will be the difference between the two. The gap between the enterprises that have embarked on the independent development mode and those that still adopt the dependent or quasi-independent development mode will be widened, and the heterogeneity of the enterprises will be more prominent.

The policy implication of the analysis of the evolution of the development mode of enterprises is that the government should formulate the development policy of rural industrialization in a way that is more in line with the international practice (e.g., according to the scale of enterprises or according to the industries in which the enterprises are engaged), instead of standing on the angle of urban-rural dichotomy. And through forward-looking industrial policy to change the current path-dependent nature of business sector activities, to guide and encourage more entrepreneurs or investors to turn their investment attention to state-supported industries, such as agricultural and sideline product processing industry, labor-intensive industry development, in order to ultimately achieve the government's overall goal of socio-economic development.