Who are the scholars in the teacher theory?

Scholar-bureaucrats used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status. "Teacher's Theory": "The home of a scholar is called his teacher's disciple, who laughs when they get together." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-officials refused to spend the night under the cliff, so they didn't know." "Practicing festivals to show health": "At that time, scholars and officials were all natural." "Tomb Inscription of Five People": "County wise men please be present." "Scholar-bureaucrat" is a new concept in the Warring States Period. Before that, doctors ranked behind doctors. In the ancient books of the Warring States period, the order is still represented by "doctor". "Xunzi's Theory of Rites" said: "The doctor has a constant Sect." "Lu Chunqiu Shang Nong" contains: "Therefore, the son of heaven personally led the vassal States to cultivate the land of the son of heaven, and all doctors and scholars made achievements." On the surface, scholar-officials and scholar-officials are just reversed, which actually reflects a major change: scholar-officials emphasize hierarchy; Scholar-bureaucrat refers to the stratum, which is characterized by a mixture of intellectuals and bureaucrats. In short, no matter before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a doctor refers to a person with a certain official position and title, and his social status is higher than that of a scholar. Why do scholars often rank before doctors since the Warring States Period? This is the result of the rise of bureaucracy and the talent of scholars. Some people who came from a scholar rose to the top with their own talents, and a group of well-dressed figures appeared. On the other hand, doctors in the Warring States period are different from those in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were mostly enfeoffed by clansmen and hereditary. Doctors in the Warring States period are evolving into a position and title in the bureaucratic system. Most doctors are no longer enfeoffed by clans, nor are they generally hereditary. Most of them are driven by scholars. "Scholar-bureaucrat" is the conceptual reflection of the above situation. From the perspective of the times, this concept became popular only after the mid-Warring States period. From the connotation point of view, scholar-officials mainly include the following two aspects: first, they refer to officials and people with positions. "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" says: "Sitting and talking about Tao is called a maharaja. Do what you do and call a scholar-bureaucrat. " In modern terms, a scholar-bureaucrat is a functional official. "Three Editions of Mozi" criticized that "the scholar-officials were tired of listening and ruled". This refers to all officials. "The Warring States Policy Qin Ce II" contains: "Congratulations from all the scholars." The scholar-officials here refer to the ministers and kings of the Chu court. "Xunzi Wang Ba" says: "Farmers divide the fields and plough, Jia divides the goods and sells them, and all the workers divide the work and persuade them, and the literati listen to it." Scholar-officials here refer to all the people on the job. "Jundao" also said: "People can do their own things and do their own things by acting according to virtue and according to their abilities. The upper saint made it three, the second saint made it a vassal, and the lower saint made it a scholar-bureaucrat, so it is obvious. " Scholar-officials refer to officials below the governor. Civil servants are called scholar-officials, and military officers are also called scholar-officials. Xun's "Zi Yi Bing Shu" contains: "Drum, royal bridle, hundred officials, the first of the lay doctors." Wu Zili's Poems: "So (Wei) Wuhou set up a temple for a trio of scribes." There is no clear stipulation as to which level of officials are called scholar-officials. According to some materials, they are generally middle and upper-level bureaucrats. "Xunzi Gentleman" said: "The holy king is above, and the righteousness is below, then the literati will not commit adultery, the officials will not be lazy, and the common people will not commit adultery." Here, the scholar-officials are placed above the officials. "Jundao" ranks scholar-officials before "officials and teachers". The teacher of one official is the head of a hundred officials. The article "Powerful Country" said: "If you have made great contributions, you will enjoy their achievements, and ministers will enjoy their achievements. Scholar-bureaucrats will benefit from grades, and Shu Ren will benefit from grades. " "The Theory of Tao" said: "Jue Liezun, Gong Luhou, the situation wins, the emperor at the top, and the scholar-officials at the bottom of the Qing Dynasty." All the above materials show that scholar-officials have a higher position in the bureaucracy. Because scholar-officials are relatively senior officials, the fields they enjoy are different from those in cities. "Xunzi Honor and Disgrace" said: "The reason why the scholar-officials chose Yi Tian is that they are determined to practice and govern the country by officials, so that they can go up and down." According to the Book of Rites, the number of fields and towns occupied by literati is different, that is, "those who have five times as much land" and "those who have three times as much land". Some scholars seem to have private soldiers. Qi Ce Wu, the Warring States Policy: "Armed soldiers are equipped, officials are private, and scholars are secluded ..." Secondly, it refers to literati with certain social status. After Meng Qi County fell from power, his public guests left in succession. These officials were called "scholars" in Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun, and "scholar-bureaucrats" when describing the same event in Warring States Policy and Qi Ce Si. "Everything is done by Han Feizi" says: "Today's scholars are not ashamed of mud ugliness." It means that a scholar-bureaucrat is an immoral official. Here, a scholar-bureaucrat and an official have two meanings, and a scholar-bureaucrat refers to a literate person. It can be seen that a scholar-bureaucrat can refer to an on-the-job bureaucrat, an off-the-job intellectual, or both. Since then, scholar-officials have formed a special group in the history of China. They are the product of the combination of intellectuals and bureaucrats, and they are the adhesive between them.