What kind of writings are there in Confucianism?

The main Confucian classics are the Thirteen Confucian Classics. Confucianism originally had six sutras, "Poetry", "Shangshu", "ritual", "music", "Zhou Yi", "Spring and Autumn". Qin Shi Huang "burning books and burying Confucianism", it is said that by the Qin torch, "Le Jing" has been lost;

Eastern Han Dynasty on this basis, plus the "Analects of Confucius", "Filial Piety", *** seven;

Tang Dynasty, plus the "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Chuan", "Spring and Autumn Ceres Liang Chuan", "Erya", *** twelve;

Song time, plus the "Menzies", after the Song carving of the "Thirteen Classics" has been passed down. Thirteen Scriptures," has been handed down.

The Thirteen Classics are the basic works of Confucian culture, as far as the traditional concept is concerned:

The Book of Changes, Poetry, Books, Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals are called the "Classics,"

Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang Zhuan, and Gu Liang Zhuan belong to the Spring and Autumn Annals of the "Biography"

The Rites, the Book of Filial Piety, the Analects, and Mencius are all the "Records"

The Er Erzhu, the Erya, and Mencius are all "Records"

The Thirteen Classics are the basic works of Confucian culture, as far as the traditional concept is concerned.

The "Er Ya" was an exegetical work of the Han Dynasty scribes.

The later "Four Books" refers to is refers to the "University" (one of the "Rites"), "The Meanwhile" (one of the "Rites"),

"The Analects", "Mencius", and the "Five Classics" refers to: "Zhouyi", "Shangshu", "The Book of Poetry", "The Book of Rites", and "The Chronicle of Zuo".

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Noun of literary and historical texts

A collective name for the Four Books, The Great Learning, The Meanwhile, The Analects, and The Mencius. The Song people drew out the "Rites" in the "University", "Medieval Times" two, and "Analects", "Mencius" with the Southern Song Dynasty, between Chunxi, Zhu Xi wrote "four books chapter and sentence set of notes", "four books" of the name is thus determined. Since then, the "four books" is always our country's feudal society, orthodox education must be read and the primary standard book.

The Wujing (Five Classics) is the short form of the five Confucian classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Rites, Yi, and Spring and Autumn, which were first published by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. They are rich in historical information about ancient China, and were the required textbooks for education in the feudal era, and were used by the ruling class as the theoretical basis for propagating the idea of patriarchal feudalism.

The Six Classics refer to the six Confucian classics, i.e., in addition to the Five Classics, there is also the Book of Music. There are also called "six scriptures" for the "six arts", Han Yu "teacher" in the "six arts of Confucianism are all through the study of the" in the "six arts

Thirteen of the "six arts" are the "six scriptures" of the "Six Arts".

Thirteen Confucian classics. Starting in the Han Dynasty, the Poetry, the Book, the Rites, the Yi, the Spring and Autumn Annals, known as the "Five Classics". Tang Dynasty to the "three rites" (Zhouli, "rituals", "rituals", "Rites"), "three biographies" (Gongyang biography, "hub Liang biography", "Zuo Zhuan"), together with the "Yi," "book", "poetry" known as the "nine scriptures ". To the Tang Wenzong engraved stone scriptures, will be "filial piety scripture", "Analects", "Er Ya" included in the Department of the scriptures, then "twelve scriptures". In the Song Dynasty, Mencius was elevated to the status of a sutra, hence the name "Thirteen Sutras".

Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Confucianism, some people believe that it is a religion and called Confucianism, initially refers to the ceremony of the crown wedding and funeral offerings, since the Han Dynasty refers to the Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC, Spring and Autumn period of the State of Lu) founded the subsequent gradual development of benevolence as the core of the system of thought. The doctrine of Confucianism, abbreviated as Confucianism, was the dominant school of consciousness in ancient China, serving as the official ideology of China for the vast majority of the historical period since the Han Dynasty, and is still the dominant ideological foundation for Chinese people in general. Confucianism has had a profound impact on China, East Asia, and the world. After the Qing Empire, the last dynasty to adopt Confucianism as its official school of thought, was replaced by the Republic of China, Confucianism was subjected to the greatest impact of the new foreign culture, but after many shocks, catastrophes, and even attempts by the official regime to eradicate Confucianism completely, Confucianism has remained the core value of the general public in Chinese society, and has served as a representative of Chinese culture and a mark of national tradition in the world.

The Ideas and Propositions of Confucianism

Confucianism refers to the school of thought of Confucianism, founded by the late Spring and Autumn period thinker Confucius. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, is a complete system of thought formed on the basis of summarizing, generalizing and inheriting the traditional culture of respecting and kissing the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. Sima Qian said in the "Records of the Grand Historian - The Family of Confucius", "Confucius made the Spring and Autumn Annals because of the Records of the Grand Historian, from Duke Hidden, down to the 14th year of Duke Lamenting, and the 12th year of the Grand Historian. According to Lu, pro-Zhou, so Yin, transported three generations." Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, said, "to state the past, believe in the past" ("Analects - Shu而") is his own ideological nature.

Confucian philosophy focuses on a person's own cultivation, to establish a harmonious relationship with those around him. Treat elders with respect and courtesy. Friends to be sincere and trustworthy, "with friends and words have faith". Officials should be clean and love the people. Do people have self-knowledge, do their part, "the gentleman serves the original, the original standing and Tao Sheng." . Rulers should be benevolent and love the people, "To govern with virtue, like the North Star, living in its place and the stars ****." . Treating others with fraternity, "Care for other's children, and the children of others. The old and my old, and the old of others." . Treat your superiors with loyalty\, "The king makes his ministers polite, and the ministers serve the king with loyalty." (Loyalty). Treat your parents and relatives with filial piety. "When your parents are here, don't travel far." "The filial piety of today is to be able to raise a family. As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised; if they are not honored, how can they be distinguished?" Respect for knowledge. Respect for knowledge. "If you learn the way, you can die in the evening." The good at absorbing the strengths of others, "Seeing the wise and thinking of Qi Yan, seeing the unwise and internal self-reflection also." Advocating people to reach the moral realm of warmth, goodness, respect, thrift, and letting go.

Characteristics and status of Confucianism

Confucianism is different from other religions. Religions in general often seek to unify the universe and establish the problems of "nature", "science" and "man" and "society" under one system. The problem of "nature", "science" and "man", "society" is established under one system, and human understanding of "nature", "science" shows a growing state, so that the set theory of the past religions constantly become fallacies; in the then incomprehensible some of the basic issues, various religions are doing all kinds of In some basic issues that were not understandable at the time, religions made up all sorts of fabrications. Confucianism is not concerned with "nature" or "science" but with human beings and society, which are the eternal issues of mankind, and on these eternal issues Confucianism has established a value system of eternal value.

History of Confucianism

Background of the emergence of Confucianism

During the Spring and Autumn Period in which Confucius lived, the deep crisis caused by irreconcilable contradictions within the society shook the authority of the traditional culture, and the spirit of skepticism and criticism of the traditional culture increased day by day, so even Confucius, who was the progenitor of Yao and Shun, and who was a chartered scholar of literature and military affairs, couldn't help but infuse the spirit of the era into his own thought system. Even Confucius could not help injecting the spirit of the times into his own system of thought and appropriately transforming traditional culture in order to establish a new harmonious order and psychological balance in social practice. This situation was particularly prominent in the Warring States period of great change, because people could already vaguely see the dawn of a new era breaking through the old hierarchical bonds of respect and inferiority on the ruins of the collapsed old world.

What kind of social model the future would be became a major issue of concern to the whole world and gave rise to a great debate in the intellectual circles. The hundred schools of thought, which represented the interests of all classes and strata of society, put forward their own ideas, and one of the main points of contention was the question of how to treat traditional culture. One of the main points of contention was how to deal with traditional culture. The two major schools of thought, Confucianism and France, were the most representative of the ideological exchanges that centered on this issue. They are equal and opposite to each other, and they are all prominent schools of thought. In addition, there are also schools of thought such as Mohism, Taoism, and Yin-Yangism, which can be described as an array of schools of thought, and it was an enlightened era of scholarship and discourse in the history of China.

Formation of Confucianism

Before Confucianism, the aristocrats and the free people of ancient society accepted the traditional six virtues (wisdom, faith, saintliness, benevolence, righteousness, and loyalty), and the six behaviors (filial piety, friendliness, amity, marriage, and compassion) through the "teachers" and "Confucians", (filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, responsibility, and compassion), and the six arts (rites, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics) were socialized. In terms of the content of education, social education in ancient China was based entirely on cultural elements such as values, habits, practices, behavioral norms, and guidelines that had been formed over time in the specific living environment of the Chinese people. Confucianism absorbed these cultural elements wholesale and raised them to the level of systematic theory.

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, for the first time broke the old situation of the ruling class' domination of education, changing the principle of "learning in the government" to "teaching without discrimination", and spreading traditional culture and education to the whole nation. In this way, Confucianism had a solid psychological foundation in the nation, and was accepted by the whole society and gradually became Confucianized in the whole society. However, the Confucian school of thought insists on the principle that "the way is not more than three generations, and the law is not more than two generations after the king" (Xunzi - The System of Kings).

Connoting the richness and complexity of Confucianism, the feudal imperial power gradually developed its basic theories and ideas, namely, the unification of the great, the king, the subject, the father and the son and the distinction between the Chinese and the barbarians.

Han Wudi's exclusive respect for Confucianism

Before Han Wudi, the Qin Dynasty was ruled by the legalist ideology of the regime. After Qin Shi Huang burned books and pitted scholars against each other, coupled with the fact that Chinese characters were still in their infancy and did not function as accurate expressions, orthodox Confucianism had largely disappeared. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the dominant ideology at that time was Taoist thought, the so-called Huang Lao Dao practicing the rule of inaction.

Dong Zhongshu put forward the "unification of the Spring and Autumn Period" and the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Respect for the Confucians", and he was stubborn enough to take Confucianism as the philosophical foundation of the country and to eliminate other systems of thought as the foundation of the country. In view of the destruction of the Qin Dynasty's tyrannical rule, the ruling class realized the necessity of benevolent rule to maintain the stability of the dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted his idea. From then on, Confucianism became the orthodox thought, and the study of the Four Books and Five Classics became the prominent study. By this time, Confucius had been dead for more than a hundred years. Dong Zhongshu developed the parts of Taoism, Yin-Yangism and Confucianism that were favorable to the rule of feudal emperors into Neo-Confucianism in terms of specific policies.

During the popularization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, many social problems were solved. Confucianism favored the use of benevolence in the management of the state, and politicians used it as a basis for restricting the over-concentration of land and establishing a sound moral system. Policies such as "limiting the number of fields for the people, so that they can be tamed" and "the three principles and five virtues" were proposed.

Development

Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has been the dominant value in China for most of its history. After the Han Dynasty, the Four Books and Five Classics were revised countless times over the course of the dynasties, and the original works of Confucius were no longer the same. Confucianism evolved into metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties. The Tang regime was basically dominated by Confucianism, but it was also permeated by Taoism and Buddhism. During the Song Dynasty, it developed into the Cheng-Zhu School of Science, which honored Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, and Cheng Yi as the originators and Zhu Xi as the mastermind, and then developed into the School of Mind through Wang Yangming in the Ming Dynasty. Later, it gained official status. What is now called Confucianism, a considerable part of the literature from the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examinations were based on the content of Zhu Xi's science as the examination questions, which had a great influence on the thought. After the Republic of China, the systematic system of Confucianism from thought to form in the folk and official presence turned to mainly preserve the values of Confucianism in the mainstream of Chinese thought. In modern times, China's backwardness has led to a rethinking of Chinese culture and various debates on Confucianism; among them, the scholars of the Xueheng school have made profound judgments on the status of Confucius and Confucianism in modern society. In mainland China, after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), despite the fact that the government authorities once took the lead in "knocking down Confucius", it was impossible to remove the mainstream position of Confucianism in the values of the Chinese people, which led to a series of social problems and has had an impact to the present day, but Confucianism has received renewed attention from some people after the reform and opening up, and there is also the so-called Neo-Confucianism. The new Confucianism is also known as neo-Confucianism.

Influence of Confucianism

Influence on China

Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years, and it still has a profound potential influence on all aspects of China's politics and economy, which will not be eliminated in the short term. Confucianism has always been the most basic mainstream values of the Han Chinese and other ethnic groups and other populations in China. The basic Confucian values of "propriety, righteousness, integrity, shame, benevolence, love, loyalty and filial piety" have always been the basic rules of consciousness guiding the daily behavior of the vast majority of Chinese people. The Chinese people's politeness and friendliness, warmth and loyalty, and conscientiousness and hard work were also gradually formed under Confucianism's indoctrination.

But some argue that Confucianism ignores the human personality. This developed more and more seriously after the Song and Ming philosophies," said Prof. Zhou Siming. That is, Confucianism passed through Dong Zhongshu to Song and Ming and became rationalism, and rationalism later became ritualism in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The general trend is that the humanistic spirit is getting thinner and weaker. People's self-worth is more and more neglected and suppressed, then in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, there have been many scholars noticed this problem, such as Wang Yangming and Wang Yangming's disciple Wang Geng, some scholars like this, like Li Zhi openly opposed to it, opposed to the right and wrong of Confucius as the right and wrong, and they are more tenacious to pay attention to the self-worth of the human being."

In the modern era, due to China's backwardness, facing the reality of the crisis of the end of the country and the destruction of the species, so that most of the intellectuals have to reflect on the reasons for China's backwardness, many intellectuals believe that Confucianism is the cause of backwardness in China, put forward the slogan of "down with the Confucian store".

Confucian Classics

The Confucian classics are mainly the Thirteen Classics of Confucianism. Confucianism originally had six sutras, the Book of Poetry, the Book of Shang, the Rites of Passage, the Book of Music, the Book of Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Annals. Qin Shi Huang "burning books and burying Confucianism", it is said that by the Qin torch, "Le Jing" has been lost;

Eastern Han Dynasty on this basis, plus the "Analects of Confucius", "Filial Piety", *** seven;

Tang Dynasty, plus the "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Chuan", "Spring and Autumn Ceres Leung Chuan", "Erya", *** twelve;

Song time, plus the "Menzies", after the Song carving of the "Thirteen Classics" has been passed down. Thirteen Scriptures," has been handed down.

The Thirteen Classics are the basic works of Confucian culture, in terms of traditional concepts, the Yi, Poetry, Book, Rites, Spring and Autumn is called "scripture", "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan", "Guliang Zhuan" belongs to the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the" "biography", "Rites of Passage", "filial piety scripture," "Analects of Confucius," "Menzies," are "record", "Er Ya" is the Han Dynasty scriptural masters of the exegesis of the work. The later Four Books refers to the University (one of the Rites), the Meanwhile (one of the Rites), the Analects, and the Mencius, while the Five Classics refer to: the Yi of the Zhou Dynasty, the Book of Changes, the Book of Poetry, the Book of Rites, and the Zuo Zhuan.

The main representatives of Confucianism

Confucius, Mencius (sitting firmly in the second chair of Confucianism), Xunqing, Dong Zhongshu, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi (the most erudite Confucian after Confucius), Lu Shouren, Wang Yangming.