What are the faction classifications of Chinese painting?

The Yellow School is also called "Yellow Painting School" and "Huang Jiafu". It occupies an important position in the history of flower-and-bird painting in China. It is one of the two schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties. It matured in the Yellow Spring of Western Shu in the Five Dynasties and flourished in Huang Jucai in the early Song Dynasty. Huang Quan is a royal painter deeply loved by the ruling class. Because of his superb skills, he is good at absorbing the techniques of predecessors and has a unique style. His sons Jucai and Jubao inherited his family style and became the dominant flower and bird school in Song Dynasty. Huang Quan, a court painter, often writes about exotic flowers and stones, rare birds and animals in court gardens, with fine outlines, rich colors and no ink marks. The so-called "yellow flower painting" (Shen Kuo) forced Xiao Qisheng to paint, so it was called "Huang Jiafu". The Yellow School represents the painting style of West Shu and Central Plains in the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Early Song Dynasty, and has become a typical style of garden flower-and-bird painting. After entering the Song Dynasty, all flower-and-bird paintings at that time were based on the "Huang family system"

Xu School is also referred to as "Xu" or "Xu School". One of the famous painting schools in China is also one of the two major schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties. The representative painter is Xu Xi of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Xu is a native of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). Although wearing Jiangnan cloth, it is noble and bold, and there are many rivers and lakes. His paintings of wild bamboo, birds, fish, plants, insects and wild animals are all wonderful. Flowers, trees, flowers and birds, light in shape, simple and natural, fresh and elegant, original "drop ink method" His works pay attention to the outline of ink bones and light colors, revealing a unique style, so later people call it "Xu Xiye Yi". Xu's pen and ink skills have a great influence on later generations. By the time Xu Xi's grandson, Xu Chongsi, made his debut, Xu Xi Painting School was becoming more and more famous. In the Ming Dynasty, after Zhang Zhong, Wang Ruoshui, Shen Zhou, Chen Daofu, Wen Zhiming, Xu Wei and others, it developed into a set of freehand brushwork flower-and-bird paintings, which competed with the yellow flower-and-bird painting school and influenced the flower-and-bird painting circle in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than a thousand years.

The Southern and Northern Dynasties' Taiwan Province Painting Collection said: "Zen is divided into two factions, the North and the South, and the Tang Dynasty; There are two paintings in the north and south, also from the Tang Dynasty, but their people are not in the north and south ears. In the Northern School, father and son painted landscapes, which spread to Zhao Gan, Zhao Boju, Bozi (Zhao) and even Ma (Yuan) and Xia (Gui) in the Song Dynasty. Sand King (Wei), the Southern Zong Dynasty, began to use the method of shading and changing the hook, which was handed down by Jing (Hao), Guan (Tong), Dong (Yuan), Ju (Ran), Guo Zhongshu and Mi Jia (Bi and You Ren). Another way of saying it is, "Literati painting began in Wang Youcheng (Victoria), followed by Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan's youngest son. Ruoma, Xia, Liu Songnian are also the school of General Li, not Cao. "Dong Qichang, a painter and painter in Ming Dynasty, divided the famous landscape painters from Tang Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty into two schools, which did not conform to the historical facts of the evolution of landscape painters, and had the meaning of worshipping" South "over" North ". What Chen Jiru said in the Ming Dynasty was particularly obvious: "The Li faction was thin and lacking in morale; Ace Xu and mistress. At that time, Chen Jiru and Dong Qichang were both called "Dong Chen" and enjoyed a high reputation in the painting world. Therefore, the painting circles in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties echoed each other and had a great influence, forming the view that "Southern Sect" was "orthodox".

One of the schools of Chinese painting in Northern Landscape Painting School. The early Song Dynasty was divided into Northern School and Jiangnan School. The Northern Landscape Painting School came into being in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, and its masters were Guan Tong, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan. Guan Tong (birth and death unknown) is a painter of the Five Dynasties Houliang. He was born in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) and studied under Hao Jing. In his later years, he was famous for his melancholy. Good at writing about Guanhe River. The pen is simple and powerful, and the scenery means little. He is good at writing autumn mountain cold forest, wild crossing in the forest, secluded people, fish market mountain posts, and is called "Guanjia landscape". Li Cheng (about 9 19 ~ 967) was a painter in the early Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, and he was born in Yingqiu (Linzi, Shandong, Tan Changle). He first studied under Hao Jing and Guan Tong, and then lived in seclusion in the mountains. He learned from nature and often painted snow scenes and cold forests, mostly for the northern scenery, with little outline and less rubbings. Fan Kuan (? ~ 1026), a painter in the northern song dynasty, was born in Huayuan (now Yao county, Shaanxi province). He is a beginner of Li Cheng. After following the Dharma, he felt that he should "learn from others, not from nature" and finally "learn from his own family". Write to strengthen the old, "all write about the trend of Long Qing's soldiers pulling, and the overall situation is overwhelming." Guo's Pictorial Notes said: Only Ying Qiu Li Cheng, Chang 'an Guan Tong and Huayuan Fan Kuan were fascinated by their wisdom, so they were above the class and won the bid in the third school for a hundred generations. "And he said," the weather is bleak, the smoke forest is clear, the thin front is prominent, and the implicit ink method is the system of yingshan; The stone body is solid, the trees are lush, the pavilions are simple and the characters are leisurely and comfortable. The peak is thick, the potential is strong, the pen is even, and the people and houses are qualitative. Fan Zhigong also. "It shows that Li, Guan and Fan's painting styles are very popular in Qi and Lu areas, affecting Guan and Shaanxi areas, and they are the true masters of the northern landscape painting school.

The Southern Landscape Painting School is also called "Jiangnan Landscape Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. The early Song Dynasty was divided into Northern School and Jiangnan School. The Southern Landscape Painting School was formed between the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. The masters are Dong Yuan and Ju Ran. Dong Yuan (? ~ 926) was a painter in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, named Shu Da and Zhong Ling (northwest of Jinxian, Jiangxi). Li Jingchao, the leader of China, was then the deputy envoy of Hou Yuan (namely Beiyuan), so he was called Dong Beiyuan. He is good at drawing figures, cows, tigers and dragons, especially at landscapes, and writing about Jiangnan scenery. What the picture sees is not mountains and mountains, but mountains and rivers with colorful peaks, dense forests and misty clouds, showing a simple and innocent interest. Composition methods and pen and ink techniques are also innovative in shaping Jiangnan scenery. It is very different from the landscape painting in the north. Ju Ran (birth and death unknown) was a painter in the early Song Dynasty, and was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). He died in the Southern Tang Dynasty and became a monk in Kaiyuan Temple in Kaifeng. Dong Yuan, a master of landscape painting, is also good at painting foggy weather and Jiangnan scenery with high mountains and flowing water. Shen Kuo's "On Meng Xi" in the Northern Song Dynasty said: "It is not strange for Dong Yuan to write about the true mountains in the south of the Yangtze River; Ju Ran, the founder of Jianye, gave a wonderful description of Dong Fa. " Mi Fei's "History of Painting" also said: "Dong Yuan is simple and naive, and Tang people have no such thing." This school, with Dong Yuan and Ju Ran as its grandmasters, is called "Dong Ju" in the world. Mi Fei and his son "Yunshan, Mi Pai" described the scenery around Jingkou and showed the new face of this school. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Chang Fa (Muxi) and Ruofen (Encounter) both belonged to the southern painting system and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty.

Huzhou Bamboo School is one of the schools of Chinese painting. This school takes bamboo as the object of expression, represented by Song and Su Shi, especially painting bamboo. Ming Lian once wrote Huzhou Bamboo School, stating that there were as many as 25 painters from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Wen Tong was once the satrap of Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang), hence the name. According to Zhang Tuizhi in Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Mo began in Li Longji, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and Wu Daozi, Wang Wei, Li Ang and Xiao Yue were also good at painting bamboo. Bai Juyi once wrote "Painting Bamboo Rest" to praise Xiao. Because of great progress in bamboo art, Wen has been painting bamboo all his life. "Painting Knowledge" said: "Good at painting ink bamboo, full of natural and unrestrained posture." Su Shi said that he painted bamboo "in the chest", taking bamboo as the foundation, and bamboo came from me. Su Shi is also a bamboo slip, calling himself "sending it to Huzhou". But he also said, "Bamboo stone has its own old and vigorous style, and it is called the ancestor of Huzhou Bamboo School in the history of painting. Painting bamboo became a common practice in the Yuan Dynasty. After the Yuan Dynasty, there were Li Yan, Zhenwu and Ke. Zhenwu, a native of Yuan Dynasty, collected biographies of painters who learned to write bamboo painting skills in Song and Yuan Dynasties and compiled a book "Bamboo School in Wenhuzhou", with 25 people.

Changzhou Painting School is also called "Piling School" and "Wujin School". One of Chinese painting schools. Changzhou (now Jiangsu) was called Piling and Wujin in ancient times, so it is also called "Piling School" and "Wujin School". This school wins by painting flowers and insects. The painted flowers are directly colored without ink lines. Boning method described by Xu Chongsi and Zhao Chang in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty. Since the Song Dynasty, Changzhou Painting School has attracted many painters. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the Piling monk, Juning, seems to be a Zen forest ink play. In the Southern Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, Yu Qingyan and Yu Wudao were famous for painting lotus flowers. Sun Long was good at painting colorful flowers and birds in Ming Dynasty. In Qing Dynasty, Yu Guang of Tang Dynasty was famous for Lotus in Tang Dynasty and Peony in Yun. In the early Qing Dynasty, Changzhou flowers reached their peak. Clouds and clouds both come from this surname. The cloud said, "both Yu and Tang Pi (Yu) thought about sketching. Every time they say that the grave is too beautiful, Zhao Chang does not take off his portrayal, and Xu Xi has no way to get it, but it is almost difficult to get it. " Yun and Tang's flower sketches are ethereal, and they are the successors of Xu Chongsi's boneless method. All the above painters are from Pirin and belong to this school.

One of the schools of Chinese painting in Mi Pai. Refers to the paintings painted by Mi Fei and Mi Youren in Song Dynasty. In the history of painting, it is called "rice", "millet" or "mill". Mi Fei's landscape paintings changed from the East to the West, breaking through the traditional techniques of hooking and fringing, and using pen and ink to dye ink instead of meticulous painting. He said, "the letter has been written, and the trees and stones are covered by smoke. It seems that it is enough." His son, Mi Youren (1074 ~ 1 153), was a lazy old man in his later years, with a bachelor's degree in painting academy. His landscape paintings developed Mi Fei's technique, "slightly change what others have done and get married". He used ink to write clouds and trees horizontally, advocating simplicity and innocence. He described himself as an "ink play" with his brushwork. "Mill" lives in Xiangyang and Zhenjiang, and is particularly intoxicated with the natural scenery of Xiaoxiang and Jinjiao. Therefore, most landscape paintings take Yunshan, rain Ji and smoke as the theme, with ink and wash as the background, and use the "falling eggplant method" with horizontal strokes to express misty rain clouds, confusion and fantasy, which is internationally known as "Midian Landscape" and "Mi's Yunshan" and belongs to ink and wash freehand brushwork. Gao Heping of the Southern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty once learned from them, which had a great influence on later generations. It is also said that it was created by Mi Fei and inherited and developed by his son Mi Youren.

Songjiang School is also called "Songjiang Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. The floorboard of the three schools of landscape painting in Songjiang Prefecture (now Shanghai) in the late Ming Dynasty. First, headed by Zhao Zuo, known as the "Susong School of Painting"; Second, headed by Shen, known as the "cloud painting school"; Third, Gu Zhengyi and his sons and nephews are called "Huating School of Painting". Among them, "Susong School" and "Yunjian School" both originated from Zhao Zuo and Song Shi, and Shen Shi studied under Song and Zhao Zuo. Except Vae, all these painters are from Songjiang Prefecture. Styles influence each other, so it is called "Songjiang School". Although this school is located in Songjiang, it is actually a continuation of Wu Pai, pushing the creation of literati painting to a peak. Its actual leader is Dong Qichang. Influenced by the theory of landscape painting, this school highlighted its style in the Southern Song Dynasty, and was well-known in the painting world for its gentleness, elegance, reservation and emphasis on pen and ink interest. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was called "Suzhou Painting Theory, Songjiang Painting Theory Pen" (on painting). Songjiang Painting School replaced Wumen School at the peak of its development, and was regarded as authentic in the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.

Zhejiang School is also called "Zhejiang School of Painting". One of Chinese painting schools. Dai Jin, a major painter in the early Ming Dynasty, created this situation. Dai Jin (1388 ~ 1462), also known as Jing 'an and Yuquan Mountain. Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people. Painting was greatly influenced by Li Tang and Ma Yuan, and absorbed the constitution of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. He is good at landscapes, figures, flowers and feathers, and his painting skills are very high. He was popular for a while, with many scholars, and gradually formed the "Zhejiang School". Wei Wu (1459 ~ 1508), a native of Houjiangxia (now Wuchang, Hubei), learned to dress, and his courage increased. Many people followed his painting style and formed the "Jiangxia School", a tributary of Zhejiang School. Famous painters of Zhejiang School and Jiangxia School are Zhang Lu, Jiang, Xie and Lan Ying. After the middle of Ming Dynasty, Wu Pai rose to dominate the painting world. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, "Zhejiang School" no longer appeared in painting circles.

Huangshan School is also called "Huangshan Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Mei family in Xuancheng (now Anhui) was a direct line. They are Mei Qing, Mei Yuzhong, Geng Mei, Mei Fu and Shi Tao who lives in Xuancheng. Shi Tao, whose legal name is Yuanji, loved mountains and rivers in his early years. He has visited Lushan and Huangshan many times, lived in Xuancheng for ten years, and interacted with Shi Mei and Dai Benxiao. These painters, learning from nature and the ancients, influenced each other and were famous for painting Huangshan Mountain, so they were called "Huangshan School". Xin 'an Painting School is mainly composed of Huangshan, so some people claim to belong to Huangshan Painting School, but its style is different from that of "Huangshan Painting School", just like Zhejiang and Chengsui have their own characteristics, so some people belong to "Huangshan Painting School", which is really wrong.

Yushan Painting School is also called "Yushan Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. Wang Yi, a landscape painter in Qing Dynasty, studied under Wang Jian and Wang Shimin successively, carefully copied the famous works of past dynasties, and took famous artists from France, Song and Yuan. He often learns painting skills from his close friend Yun. Michelle Ye, a sage (Emperor Kangxi), once ordered him to preside over the drawing of the giant structure of Southern Tour Map, and presented the book with the word "the landscape is clear and bright", which gained a good reputation, so this painting is famous in Kangxi. His main students are Gu Yun and Jin. Wang Yi is a native of Changshu, Jiangsu Province. Changshu has Yushan Mountain and is known as the "Yushan Painting School". Its worship of the ancients had a great influence on the landscape painting in Qing Dynasty.

Wu Pai is also called "Wu Pai". One of Chinese painting schools. In the Ming Dynasty, Shen Zhou and his student Wen Zhiming advocated the Northern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty in landscape painting, which was different from the style of "Zhejiang School" in the Southern Song Dynasty. It prevailed in the middle of Ming Dynasty and attracted many scholars. Famous ones include Wen Boren, Wen Jia, Chen Daofu, Lu Zhi and Qian Yi. They all belong to Suzhou government. Suzhou is nicknamed "Wumen", so it is called this. Wu Menzong occupied an important position in the painting world at that time.

Lingnan School of Painting is also called "Lingnan School of Painting". One of Chinese painting schools. Guangdong is located in the south of Wuling. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been more than 1000 painters here. Lin Liang, a famous painter in Ming Dynasty, initiated Lingnan School of Painting. He is good at drawing flowers, fruits and feathers, and his colors are simple and delicate. He often takes ink painting as a smoke wave, which is quiet and graceful. Its brushwork of ink, flowers, birds, trees and stones is simple and unrestrained, vigorous and flying, with a cursive ink color. He inherited the Southern Song Dynasty school of institutional painting, pioneered freehand brushwork, was the representative of the Ming Dynasty school of institutional painting of flowers and birds, and was the pioneer of the modern Lingnan school of painting. Gao Yan and Chen Rui are followers of this law, while Li Jian and Li Kui are successors. During the reign of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, there were Su and Su Changchun, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were people who lived in nests, gathered brothers and learned from the clouds, and were good at flowers, birds, insects and fish. Modern Panyu people Gao, Chen studied under Ju Lian in their early years. Since then, the Gao brothers and Chen studied in Japan, learned painting skills, introduced western painting skills, and wrote down the scenery of southern China. On the basis of applying China's traditional painting techniques, combining Japanese southern painting and western painting, and paying attention to sketching, he created a painting style with bright colors, full moisture, softness and even smudge. In particular, the Nanling School of New China, which is rich in local colors, is also called "eclectic school" and "New China School" because it takes the advantages of Chinese and Western paintings and integrates literati painting and craftsman painting. His high brothers and Chen are called "the outstanding figures of Lingnan", which have a great influence on Guangzhou painting circle.

Cao Buxing in Soochow, Gu Kaizhi in Eastern Jin Dynasty, Lu Tanwei in Southern Song Dynasty and Zhang Sengyou in Southern Liang Dynasty. Cao Buxing is good at drawing tigers, horses, dragons and Buddhist figures, and making huge portraits. He has a quick mind and quick hands and feet. It seems to have the reputation of "the ancestor of Buddha painting". He is original in painting, portrait, animals and scenery. Its brushwork is fine and exquisite, vigorous and continuous, such as spring silkworm spinning, full of rhythm. Lu Tanwei is good at drawing portraits, as well as landscapes and plants. His characters are "beautiful" and "amazing", and their brushwork is continuous and even more vigorous. His name is Mi Ti, and Zhang Monk You is good at drawing dragons. There is a legend among the people that "draw a dragon and it will fly away". Created a fuller model, painting "dead maids with short and bright faces". The evaluation of the paintings of the Six Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty is: "Zhang (monk) gets his flesh, Lu (exploration) gets his bones, and Gu (opening) gets his spirit." Paintings of the Six Dynasties are rare, especially those of Cao Buxing. Painting in the Six Dynasties initiated the painting style in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which had a great influence on Yan and Wu Daozi.

Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, landscape painters in the Southern Song Dynasty, were also called "Li Liu Ma Xia". Four paintings belong to painting style. There was no such name at the beginning. Dong Tang of the Yuan Dynasty said: "For example, Li Tang, Zhou Zeng, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Li Jue, Li Anzhong, Lou Guan and Liang Kai, all those who were named in the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy were appreciated by Li Tang, and the rest could not be left alone." The proposer of this theory is Tang Yin's title of Liu Songnian's "The Hidden Map of Spring Mountain Fairy" in Ming Dynasty, which is called "Li Liu Ma Xia" in history. Later, Tu Long said: "Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, four people from Nandu." Zhang Chou said: "The top scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty was Liu Songnian, followed by Li Tang, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui." Zhang Taijie said: "Liu, Li, Ma and Xia all have heavy names, but Li and Ma are the most important." In a word, the four schools of painting in the Southern Song Dynasty ruled the landscape painting field in the Southern Song Dynasty for more than one hundred years. They add luster to history and painting style, and celebrities are eternal. For example, Li Tang created the "axe chopping" method in his later years, and his representative works include The Map of Wanhe and Song Feng. Liu Songnian people are called "Liu Qingbo" and "Mi Men Liu", and his masterpiece is Four Scenes. Ma Yuan's painting history calls him "the corner of the horse". Representative works include Walking Map and Water Map. Xia Gui's painting style is similar to that of Xia, which is called "Horse and Summer", and painting history calls it "Xia Banbian". Representative works include "Xishan Qingyuan Map" and so on. They also influenced the landscape paintings of Zhejiang School in Ming Dynasty, even as far away as the East, and were highly valued by Japanese painting circles.

Yuan Sijia's four representative painters of Yuan Dynasty landscape painting. Dong Qichang's Painting Collection of Taiwan Province in Ming Dynasty refers to Huang, Wang Meng, Zhenwu and Ni Zan. In Qing Dynasty, Wang commented on Huang's painting style as follows: "It is mainly plain and naive, sometimes colorful, tall and beautiful, just like snow, so it is rich and colorful." The paragraphs are noble and clean, and the writing style is natural and unrestrained. There is a kind of secret in it. "Be dubbed Huang Zhi name. Their representatives are Fuchun by Huang, Qingbian Seclusion by Wang Meng, Fisherman's Map by Zhenwu, Hangzan by Ni Zan, etc. Although Yuan Sijia has its own characteristics, it mainly developed and changed on the basis of the Eastern Yuan Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ju Ran in the Northern Song Dynasty. It emphasizes pen and ink, pays attention to interest, and combines calligraphy with poetry. It is the mainstream of landscape painting in Yuan Dynasty and has a great influence on Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, some people call Zhao Mengfu, Gao, Huang, Zhenwu, Ni Zan and Wang Meng the "Six Yuan Family".

Ming Sijia painters Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Shen Zhou's paintings come from Dong Yuan and Ju Ran. He is vigorous and calm. Wen Zhiming studied painting in Shenyang and formed his own style. Shen Hewen is also a master of the Wu Sect. Tang Yin and Wen Zhiming, students of Shen Zhouzhi's painting, once claimed to be "the first romantic talents in the south of the Yangtze River". He is good at calligraphy, poetry and painting, with the highest achievements. He is famous for figures, flowers and birds, and meticulous brushwork, especially for ladies' paintings. Chou Ying green landscape painting is famous for its richness and elegance. He is also good at drawing characters, with vigorous brushwork and accurate modeling, and portrays the spirit of the characters naturally. This painting is appreciated by Wen Zhiming and is famous all over the world. Among them, Shen Zhou and Wen Zhiming are literati paintings, while Tang Yin and Chou Ying are near-courtyard paintings. The four men also had a relationship between teachers and friends, and their painting skills had their own characteristics, which had a great influence on later generations.

Six landscape painters in the early Qing Dynasty, Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi, Wang, Yun, were collectively called. Also known as "Four Kings, Wu and Yun". There are teachers, friends and relatives among the four heavenly kings. They were all influenced by the painter Dong Qichang in the late Ming Dynasty. They study Song and Yuan paintings and French yellow paintings, attach importance to copying and antique paintings, and despise sketching and creation. The landscape of the "Four Kings" is highly respected by the government and regarded as "authentic". During the 300 years of Qing dynasty, there were many literati who had a far-reaching influence on painting. Li Wu went out of Wang Shimin and went to Macau with a missionary with a little western skills. He was a native of Wang Miao. Yun was good at landscape painting at first, and then became friends with Wang Yi. He studies flowers, bamboo, birds and insects, not landscapes. His ancestor was Xu Chongsi in the Northern Song Dynasty, and he was known as the "Cloud School" because of his bright and beautiful characteristics. The six of them were famous artists after Dong Qichang in Ming Dynasty, who led the painting world and influenced fashion, and were regarded as "orthodox" at that time.

Gong Xian, Fan Yin, Gao Cen, Zou Zhe, Wu Hong, Ye Xin, Hu Yi and Xie Xun, the eight outstanding figures in Jinling in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. (See Zhang Geng's Painting Collection of Qing Dynasty) The eight of them have different painting themes and styles. Because they live in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), they are all famous (especially in Gong Xian), so they are called Jinling. In addition, Chen Zhuo, Wu Hong, Fan Yin, Zou Zhe, Cai Linlun, Li Youli, Wu Dan and Gao Cen are the "Eight Schools of Jinling". But the above shall prevail.

Jiangxi painting school is also called Jiangxi painting school. One of Chinese painting schools. A school of painting represented by Luo Mu, a painter in the early Qing Dynasty. Luo Mu, a native of Ningdu, Jiangxi, now lives in Nanchang, Jiangxi. Good at painting landscapes, ethereal brushwork. Between Huang and Dong Qichang, taught by the Wei Stone Bed, the beautiful Lin Hai and the cool and charming ink color are called wonderful products. There are many teachers in Jianghuai area. They are the founders of Jiangxi School. Qin commented on his painting cloud: "There is more stability than elegance". His works include Landscape Painting with Ink Pen and Landscape Painting with Linxi.

Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is the general name of innovative painters who were active in Yangzhou painting circle in Jiangsu during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, that is, "Yangzhou Painting School". Its number and name are different. A textual research on Li Yubang's "Ou Polo's" refers to Wang, Huang Shen, Jin Nong, Gao Xiang, Li, Zheng Xie, Li,. In fact, there are more than eight people whose names are not fixed. Bian Shoumin, Gao, Li Wei, Min Zhen, Chen Zhuan, etc. Among them, Zheng Xie (Banqiao) occupies a prominent position. The same feature of this school of painting is that many people ended up frustrated and did not become officials. Some of them worked as small officials for several years and abandoned their officials to specialize in painting. They are cynical, do not flatter the powerful, and understand the sufferings of the people. Pay attention to the influence of thought, personality, knowledge and talent on painting creation. Their literature and calligraphy are highly cultivated. The paintings are mainly flowers, but also landscapes and figures. It inherited the innovative spirit of Xu Wei, Zhu Da and Shi Tao, advocated self-reliance and expressed true feelings, and opposed the imitation and clay sculpture style at that time. At that time, they were regarded as "deviant teachers" and "monsters", so they were called "eight eccentrics". Wang Yan was the defender of the "orthodox" painting style at that time. He once commented on them: "Eight different teachers, painting is not integrated." "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" developed the traditional freehand brushwork flower-and-bird painting to a new height, which not only had a considerable impact on the interest and techniques of modern freehand brushwork flower-and-bird painting, but also absorbed it into modern times from some aspects, such as Qi Baishi, Zeng, Xu Beihong, Pan Tianshou and Lai Chusheng. In addition, although these painters adopted the methods of their predecessors in painting, what is valuable is that they can be independent of their predecessors' stereotypes and have their own styles, and they are all good at poetry, calligraphy or seal cutting, and pay attention to the combination of painting and calligraphy, which is very different from the so-called "orthodox" painting style at that time.

Ten philosophers in paintings refer to Lou Dongpai 10 painters in Qing Dynasty. That is, Gao Xiang, Gao, Li Shichuo, Zhang Pengchu,, Wang,, Chai Shen, etc. 10. The Ten Philosophers is Lou Dongpai, who worships the ancient conservative painting style and relies heavily on the "Yushan School", that is, this 10 Lou Dongpai painter also writes the Yushan School, such as Li Shizhuo. They are greatly influenced by the "Four Kings", mainly copying and restoring ancient ways, but also have their own innovative painters, such as Gao and Gao Xiang.

In the Song of Nine Friends in Painting written by Wu in the early Qing Dynasty, Dong Qichang, Yang, Cheng Jiasui, Zhang Xuezeng, Bian Wenyu, Shao Mi, Li, Wang Shimin and Wang Jian were called "Nine Friends in Painting" together. Dong Qichang is a school of landscape painting, and the style of worshiping the south and restraining the north and being quiet and far south is the main vein of the painter. At that time, painters influenced by it were Li Exile, Cheng Jiasui and Yang. Wang Shimin and Jincon in the early Qing Dynasty. They don't belong to the same painting school, but several painters who take friendship as a link and learn from each other's strong points dominated the painting circles in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. See Song of Nine Friends painted by Wu in the early Qing Dynasty.