Introduction to Minority Houses and Green All

Mongolia and other nomadic traditional housing. Anciently known as the dome, also known as felt tents, tents, felt bags and so on. Mongolian language called ger, Manchu for yurt or Mongolia Bo. Nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life and create this kind of residence, easy to disassemble, easy to nomadic. Since the Xiongnu era has appeared, has been used until now. Yurt is round, around the side walls into several pieces, each piece of 130 to 160 cm high, 230 cm long, with a strip of wood woven into a net, several pieces connected, surrounded by a round, long cover umbrella bone-shaped dome, and the side walls connected. The roof of the tent and the four walls were covered or surrounded by felt, fixed with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwestern wall for installing the door board, and a round skylight is left on the roof of the tent for lighting, ventilation, and smoke emission, and it is covered with felt at night or in rainy or snowy days. The smallest yurt is more than 300 centimeters in diameter, and the largest can accommodate hundreds of people. The tent of the Khan and the kings in the Mongol Khanate era could accommodate 2,000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and traveling. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas are mostly built in fixed style, surrounded by earth walls, covered with reeds and grasses; nomadic areas are mostly in mobile style. Traveling type is divided into detachable and non-detachable two kinds, the former to livestock transportation, the latter to oxcart or horse-drawn carriage. People's Republic of China **** and the establishment of the State, the Mongolian settlers increased, only in the nomadic areas still retain the yurt. In addition to the Mongols, Kazakhs, Tajiks and other nomadic herders also live in yurts.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind howling, the earth dotted with many white tents. They are yurts, or "gers" as the Mongols call them. Since the Mongolian people, people have been using yurts. It has been a long time. But no one knows exactly when they were first used.

The ger became the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongols were nomadic herders, searching for new pastures for their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels throughout the year. The yurts can be packed and carried by a couple of bactrian camels to the next stopping point, where the tents are re-erected.

The traditional dwellings of Tibet, like other cultural forms in Tibet, have their own unique character. Tibetan dwellings are rich and colorful, with the towers in the southern Tibetan valley, the tents in the pastoral areas of northern Tibet, and the wooden buildings in the forested areas of the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin each having their own special features, and even the kilns can be found on the Ali Plateau.

The most representative of Tibetan dwellings is the watchtower. Watchtower mostly stone and wood structure, the appearance of a dignified and solid, simple and rugged style; the outer wall upward contraction, built on the mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Typical Tibetan residence with earth and stone masonry, similar to the bunker, commonly known as Diaoyuan. Generally 2 to 3 layers, there are 4 layers. Usually the bottom do barn, the upper floor people, storage items, there are also set up the hall of the scripture. Layout layer by layer to the back of the retreat, the lower roof constitutes the upper layer of the sundeck. Toilet is located in the upper, cantilevered in the back wall, toilet floor open a hole, excrement can fall straight into the bottom of the barn outside the cesspit, to avoid the trouble of cleaning; with two layers of toilets, the upper and lower layers of the position of the staggered, so that the upper layer of dirt can be unimpeded to the bottom of the cesspit.

The bunker has a solid and stable, tightly structured, the corner of the building neatly characterized, both for wind and cold, but also to facilitate the protection of the enemy and burglary.

The tent is very different from the room, it is the pastoral Tibetan people in order to adapt to the mobility of living by water and grass and the use of a special form of construction.

Tibetan tents have winter and summer tents. Winter tent, woven from yak wool, first woven into a certain width of dark brown or black, white felt, and then according to the size of the need to sewing into a tent, this tent can adapt to the plateau rainstorms, wind and snow and cold climate. Size varies, the shape of rectangular, square, hexagonal, polygonal and other shapes. Supported by a stand or pillar. The net height of the room is about 1.6-2 m. The top of the tent is tied with yak rope, nailed around the dike stakes to hold on to it, and anchored with wooden stakes or cow and goat horn stakes. There is a skylight on the roof of the tent, which can be used for ventilation, light and smoke, and can be covered in rainy days. Surrounded by commonly used turf or stone walls, in order to protect against wind and cold.

Summer tent, for the summer herdsmen go out a lightweight tent. It is made of white canvas, Tibetan cloth woven, square, rectangular. Surrounded by black, brown or blue trim. Large tents are also decorated with exquisite craftsmanship of the auspicious eight treasures, five blessings, white clouds pointing the lion, six reincarnation and other types of patterns. There are also large tents that can accommodate hundreds of gatherings, and double-layer tents that are both heat-insulating and sun-resistant. Has a strong religious decorative colors, in the green hills of the wilderness, scattered with points of white tents, wisps of smoke, interesting, very Tibetan cultural characteristics.

Ordinary tents are generally smaller, square or rectangular plane, with wooden sticks to support the framework of about 2 meters high; covered with black yak felt, leaving a wide 15 centimeters long, 1.5 meters long gap for ventilation and light; around the yak rope traction, fixed to the ground; around the interior of the tent with grass, adobe, or pebbles into a high of about 50 centimeters high short wall, above the pile of barley, Ghee bags and dried cow dung are piled on top. For fuel, simple furnishings inside the tent, slightly outside the center of the fire stove, stove for Buddha, around the ground with sheepskin, for sitting and lying down to rest. The tent has a simple structure, bracket easy, flexible disassembly, easy to relocate and so on.

The housing of the Achang people is generally a brick, wood and stone structure of the courtyard building. The houses are generally divided into two floors, with people living in the main house, which is equipped with shrines, candlesticks, long tables and fire pits; livestock are kept downstairs, and food and other means of living are stacked in the compartments and upstairs.

The villages of the Achang people are scattered, and the mountains and waters around the villages reflect each other, all in one, like a quiet and leisurely landscape painting.

Bai

Dali area has preserved the three towers of Chongsheng Temple, the ruins of Taihe City of Nanzhao, Nanzhao Dehua Monument and other famous monuments. Dali City is now included in the first batch of 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China approved by the State Council.?

Bai

Butterfly Spring?

Is located 20 kilometers north of the old city of Dali in Yunnan Province, at the foot of Shenmo Mountain under Yunlang Peak of Cangshan Mountain. The Butterfly Spring covers an area of about 50 square meters and is surrounded by marble railings. There is an ancient tree beside the spring, lying across the surface of the spring and over. Every year in April of the lunar calendar, the ancient tree is hair, then, colorful butterflies from all directions gathered here, dancing and dancing, a "even beard hook foot", from the branches of the tree hanging upside down on the surface of the spring, like a colorful belt. Around the spring is a group of butterflies fluttering, colorful, known as the "butterfly will". Legend has it that a pair of lovers against the feudal princes to take over the female Wen Gu, both jumped into the pool, turned into a pair of butterflies, so that the original bottomless pool into a Hong pool of water, renamed "Butterfly Spring". Now there is Guo Moruo book inscription "Butterfly Spring" stone tablet.

The Three Pagodas of Dali?

Built during the Nanzhao period, also known as "Chongsheng Temple Three Pagodas". Located in the northwest of Dali City, Yunnan Province, between the Cangshan Erhai. The building is grand and majestic. The main tower of thousands of tower, 69.13 meters high, for multi-layer dense eaves type brick tower, **** sixteen layers. Each layer of the front are equipped with Buddhist niches. Tower top for iron casting disk, neutral gourd-shaped roof. North and south two small tower are octagonal multi-storey tower, carved with various patterns. For more than a thousand years, although after many earthquakes and wind and rain erosion, still stands tall. Yurts are round, large and small, large, can hold more than 20 people resting; small, can also accommodate more than 10 people. It is very simple to set up a yurt, usually in a suitable place with water and grass, draw a circle according to the size of the yurt, then set up the "hana" (made of 2.5 meters long willow cross-braiding) along the drawn circle, and then set up the "uuni" (about 3.5 meters long) at the top of the yurt. 3 . (a 3.2-meter-long wicker stick), the "hana" and "wuni" are joined together in a circle and kidnapped, then felted and fastened with woolen ropes, and the job is done. A herdsman is now settled in the steppe.

After the yurt is built, people decorate the interior. Thick carpet was laid on the floor, furniture was placed, and frames and posters were hung around the yurt. Now some furniture and electrical appliances are also in the yurt, life is very comfortable and happy.

The biggest advantage of the yurt is that it is easy to dismantle. It is easy to move. When the yurt is set up, it will become a round enclosure if you open it, and when it is dismantled, it will be reduced in size if you fold it and close it back, and it can be used as a board for oxen and horse-drawn carts. A yurt only needs two camels or a two-wheeled oxcart to transport it, and it can be built in two or three hours.

The Tujia Hanging Corner House

The Tujia people love to live in groups, and they love to live in hanging wooden buildings. Building houses are a village, a cottage, rarely a single family. Built houses are mostly wooden structure, small green tiles, lattice windows, the Division of the eaves overhanging, wooden railing handrails, walking horse corner, ancient color. General home have a small courtyard, fences in front of the yard, the yard behind the bamboo forest, green stone paving, planing boards installed walls, pine bright illumination, a family living in the sunrise and sunset idyllic quiet life. Tujia Tujia, the country's existing population of 5,704,223 people, mainly in Hunan Xiangxi, Hubei Enshi. In addition, Sichuan Province, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties are also distributed.

The Miao and the Tujia live in mountainous areas with large slopes. When building houses, they all like to build antique hanging corner buildings. This corner of the building, flying eaves and corners, three sides of the corridor, hanging out of the wooden railing. The balustrade is carved with patterns that symbolize good luck, such as the pyramid of ten-thousand pyramids, the grid of joy, the grid of sub characters, and the quadrilateral grid.

Suspended columns are octagonal, quadrangular, the bottom break often carved hydrangea, gold claws and other forms. Hanger general two-story, upstairs and downstairs floor boards, upstairs windows, ventilation to the sun. Window lattice carved with double phoenix sunrise, magpie voice plum, lion ball and peony, camellia, chrysanthemums and other flowers, simple and elegant, both beautiful and practical, very much the characteristics of the national housing.

The Oroqen and Ewenki people in the northeast, used to live a mobile hunting life, in order to adapt to the environment, they live in a very simple kind of poncho, this poncho is called "Xilanzhu", commonly known as "handful of Luozi" it is about one zhang, one and a half feet in diameter. It was about one zhang in height and one zhang two feet in diameter, with twenty-five to thirty larch poles erected into an umbrella-shaped hut, covered with birch bark in summer and surrounded by elk skin in winter. They moved their dwellings according to the number of beasts: generally they stayed in one place for up to ten days in summer and fall; in winter, when they hunted grizzly mice, they moved once every two or three days. One mountain is emptied of gray rats and then transferred to another; the men set up the handmade racks, and the women, followed by the reindeer, carry the paraphernalia on their packs to the new place of residence.

I have seen that spacious courtyard, the majestic courtyard, also seen that shape like mushrooms, beautiful and beautiful Hani mushroom house, but also seen that dignified and solid, simple and rugged Tibetan watchtower. But I left the deepest impression of the northern Shaanxi kilns and Qiang towers.

Shaanxi kiln

In a long, long time ago, the wind brought the loess from far away to the north of Shaanxi, creating this golden and vast land. In this land, inhabited by simple people, they live in the house is today I want to introduce you to ---- the northern Shaanxi kiln cave.

This kind of kiln is usually repaired on the hillside facing south. Facing the sun, being leaning against the mountain. The door is facing the open area with few trees to cover it. There are usually only three to five kilns in a courtyard. The center is the main kiln, the two sides often put miscellaneous goods or small rooms, but also can store food.

Inside the kiln, there are stoves and pots on the inside. At the head of the cave, there is a kang (earthen floor). There is a hole in the center of the kang to make a fire so that you won't feel cold in winter. This kind of kiln is also very cool in summer, so it is really warm in winter and cool in summer!

Qiang towers

Qiang is an ethnic minority in Sichuan, their unique residential is ---- towers.

In the Qiang language, towers are known as "Dengcang", meaning beautiful, noble house

Qiang people have "living on the mountain, base stone for the house, the height of more than ten feet" of the custom. Watchtower height of ten meters to thirty meters. Used for enemy protection, storage of food and firewood. Qiang dwellings are made of stone, flat-roofed houses, square. Most of them are three-storey, with each storey about three to four meters high. There is a strong traditional folk culture.

In short, each ethnic group has their own characteristics, different cultures, and different cultures create different folk dwellings. But I think they are all ancient and pure beauty!

8* The Habitat of Different Characteristics Original Text

The Hakka Habitat

In the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, there are thousands of rounded huts or earthen buildings, which are known as the "wonders of the world's houses" of the Hakka Habitat. The Hakka people moved to the south from the prosperous area of the Central Plains in ancient times, and most of their residences were in remote and remote mountainous areas. In order to prevent the harassment of bandits and the ostracism of the locals, they built barracks-style houses, mixing lime on the way, using glutinous rice and egg whites as the binder, and bamboo sheets and wooden strips as the sinews and bones, and rammed and constructed the earth buildings with walls of 1-meter thick and more than 15 meters high. Most of them are 3 to 6-story buildings, one hundred to more than two hundred houses arranged in the shape of an orange petal, with an even and majestic layout. Most of them have a history of two to three hundred years or even five to six hundred years, and have withstood countless earthquakes, winds and rains, and artillery attacks without being hurt, showing the charm of traditional architecture and culture.

The Hakka ancestors worshiped the circle as a symbol of good luck, happiness and peace. Tulou round houses are arranged according to the gossip layout, trigrams and trigrams between the firewall, neat and tidy.

The Hakka people in the home, handling, treating people, and other aspects of the body, all reflecting the obvious cultural characteristics. For example, many houses are engraved with a couplet in block letters on the main door: "To carry on the ancestral virtue of diligence and thrift, and to inspire the children and grandchildren to read and cultivate", which expresses the hope of the ancestors that their children and grandchildren will live in harmony and be industrious and thrifty in their families.

The Hakka people's character of living in harmony and being industrious and thrifty is worth learning from, and the folk culture preserved in the Tulou makes people feel the depth and longevity of Chinese traditional culture.

The Daijia Bamboo Building

The Daijia people live in the land, you enter the world of green. As far as you can see, there are clumps of green bamboos and oil palm forests covering the sky. In the depths of the bamboo forest from time to time came the sound of chickens and dogs, but can not see the village, houses, obviously that a block of bamboo buildings are hidden in the thick green bamboo forest.

Bamboo buildings are the traditional form of construction of the Dai people. Dai people living area is located in the subtropical, high temperature, it is said that the bamboo building is conducive to prevent heat and moisture, therefore, the Dai family still maintains the habit of "more bamboo buildings, living by the water".

The Dai villages are composed of two to three hundred families, or one to twenty families, all of which are made up of chic bamboo buildings. The village is surrounded by protective forests. Each bamboo building is surrounded by a bamboo fence. Inside the hedge, all kinds of flowers, trees and fruits are planted. It can be said that "full of trees, full of flowers". Under the bamboo building has a large open space for the yard. The whole bamboo building is square, divided into two floors, upstairs people, downstairs, generally for off livestock and stacking firewood with. The bamboo building is supported by twenty to twenty-four pillars. Inside the house, there are beams through the pillars. Some of the beams are carved with patterns. Seven or eight feet from the ground floor boards or bamboo scorn, the building is divided into two floors. The roof of the house

is covered with thatched grass rows or pieces of wood, but in recent years most of them have changed to tile roofs.

If you go to the Dai family as a guest, walk into the bamboo fence, climb up the wooden stairs, you will come to the corridor outside the house, the door, is a wide hall, the middle of a large piece of bamboo mat, which is the center of the family's activities, but also a place to entertain guests. On both sides are the bedrooms separated by wooden boards or bamboo gimlets, and outsiders are not allowed to enter. The structure of Daijia bamboo buildings is generally relatively simple, but very spacious, chic and beautiful, indoor ventilation is also very good, you sit indoors, only to feel the breeze, flowers and fruits fragrance.

The construction of bamboo buildings is a major event in the life of the Dai family. According to the traditional custom, we should first choose a good place, lay a good foundation, and then set up pillars and beams. The most important part of a bamboo building is the center column. Generally, there are eight pillars. Choosing the center pillar is a serious and solemn matter. When the center column is transported from the mountain into the village, everyone has to go to meet it and pour water to bless it. The Dai people also have a custom: when a family builds a house, the whole village helps. When a new building is completed, the ceremony of "erecting a bamboo building" will be held. At this time, the whole village flocked to the ceremony, which was as lively as a festival. At the same time, we also want to invite "Zanha" (singer) sing "congratulations on the new house" song, it is said that this can be auspicious, safe, prosperous family.

Yunnan Minority Houses<3>2007-02-08 03:33 Dai Minority Houses--Dry-rail Building The Dai Minority Houses are divided into three kinds of dry-rail buildings, ground buildings, and soil palm houses. The dry bar type building is mainly distributed in the whole territory of Xishuangbanna and Ruili of Dehong Prefecture, and Chai Fang Dam. Dry rail housing to bamboo art as a material, wood for the frame, bamboo for purlin, puisne, floor, wall, ladder, bar, etc., the parts of the connection with mortise and tenon and bamboo scorn tie, for a single building, each family into its own courtyard, the mansion has a small path to each other. The roof of the house is made of grass rows or hanging tiles. Ruili's dry-structure reflects a high level. Ground architecture is mainly used for Mangshi, Yingjiang and other places, for the earth wall cottage, due to the influence of the Han, is not the inherent form of Dai residence. Tupa houses, the main form of residence in the Red River Basin area, are widely distributed in the central and southeastern regions of Yunnan. The earth palm house with wooden beams and pillars and earth walls load-bearing soil flat roof, forming a rectangular or square, due to the terrain built two or three layers of earth buildings, layer by layer into the base, stepped, with patios, floors, generally have more than ten homes, flat roof can be cool ?ti food or stacking farm equipment. The earth palm house is easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, especially suitable for the climate of the hot and dry river valley. Jinggu Dai people live in the earth and wood structure bungalow, the roof is not high, with thatched grass or tile roof. The house is divided into a center hall and two compartments on the left and right. In the center hall, there is a triangular fire pit, which is a place for cooking and meeting guests. The left compartment is the bedroom of elders and the right compartment is the bedroom of children. The Dai of Menglian are bamboo buildings with dry railings. Bai architecture -- "three rooms and a wall"

Bai residence, due to the natural environment of each region and technology is different, creating a variety of housing forms. Alpine mountainous areas of the Bai people live in a single room or two connected "stacks of wooden houses" or "bamboo fence house". The Bai people in the dam area mostly live in tiled houses with earth and wood structures. The layout of the "three rooms and a wall" and "a positive two ears" or "four five patio" and other forms, spacious courtyard, full of sunlight. Most people also have flower beds, planting camellia, pomegranate, hanging flowers, fragrant oak and other flowers and trees, flowers and plants Fenlao overflowing, a beautiful and comfortable environment. The Bai people attach great importance to the construction of the wall and the gatehouse. The wall is painted with white ash and inscribed by celebrities with "Ten Thousand Purple Dry Red", "The Rising Sun East is Different" or "Fortune", "Longevity" and other symbols of good luck. and other symbols of good luck and prosperity. The surrounding walls are also painted with various landscapes, flowers, birds, insects and fish patterns, each corner of the decorations are very elaborate, giving a lively, even symmetry, harmony and beauty. The face is rich in unique style of the gatehouse, its architectural installation across the more pouring the artistic wisdom of the Bai people. Generally are overlapping arches, flying enameled string of corners, attached to clay, wood carving, stone carving, convex flower brick, marble and other combinations of three-dimensional patterns. Its beautiful shape, the structure of the rigorous, with the mainland temple and pavilion Wanmei. Many of the door is by the money empty three layers of flowers, birds, insects, fish, people and other relief patterns are composed of, appearing Ling now transparent, delicate and beautiful. Some of the doorway, the partition without a nail, only to chisel out the eye of the joint, but very strong and solid. All of these, are fully embodied in the Bai people have a high level of architectural art.

One of the characteristics of the Yi people's dwellings--Tudu Palm House

In the Yi area, various places, various branches of the inheritance of the residence of the architectural form is a variety of, and with the local living customs are closely related to the village settlement to the address of the residence; from the room to the room to the stacking of goods; from the building structure to the beliefs and taboos, all show unique From the settlement of the village to the address of the residence; from the division of rooms to the stacking of articles; from the architectural structure to the beliefs and taboos of the folk house, all of them show the unique national flavor.

Features of Residence

VillagesThe Yi are an agricultural and pastoral ethnic group, and the distribution and location of villages have their unique inheritance. Yi villages are located at an altitude of 2,000 to 3,000 meters in mountainous areas, semi-mountainous areas, along the gathering and living, generally choose the foothills of the sunny mountains, built along the mountain, to the mountainside, the majority of the mountain beams, the foot of the mountain, the valley area less. Yuanyang County Records: "Yi people live in the magnificent mountains, rich in resources in the mountainous areas, villages based on the mountains, surrounded by terraced fields layer by layer, behind the village there are mountains for grazing, in front of the village there are fields for farming, most of the villages have a ditch from which to flow through."

Folk dwellings in the southwest of China, the Yi ethnic group is widely distributed. Therefore, the types of their dwellings to adapt to the natural geographic environment and climatic conditions of different regions, or by the influence of other ethnic groups, and appears to be more complex, but the Yi folk dwellings in the various ethnic groups have a broad representation. Generally speaking, the types of Yi dwellings can be divided into the following categories: tiled houses, earth palm houses, flash piece houses, palletized wooden houses, thatched houses and so on.

Residence customs of the Yi ethnic group to implement a husband and wife system of small families, children after marriage to build another housing, self-supporting households, only the youngest son and his parents to live together. The Yi family compound is spacious, for production and living convenience, especially in the organization of red and white wedding, can be a wide range of guests. Indoors, the main room of the house against the wall where the ancestors are enshrined in heaven and earth in the table, the table set with incense burners and tigers, lions, statues; in the center of the table, for the reception of guests; the left side of the year-round fire, by three stones into, commonly known as the "pot", for warmth, hot water, baked tea, the fire around the family around the place of sitting around the proceedings. The main room on both sides of the room for the son in law of the bedroom, and storage of valuables. Generally, the eldest son lives on the left and the second son lives on the right. The elderly, children and guest rooms are located in the side rooms. Behind the main door to do the mill, the main room upstairs is the granary, downstairs for the stables.

Yi folk architecture

Mostly built on slopes. Stone for the wall base, with adobe walls or build walls with soil, the wall frame beams, beams on the wooden boards, wooden strips or bamboo, the top and then a layer of soil, by sprinkling sip whack, the formation of the platform roof, do not leakage of rainwater. The roof is also a sunbathing area. Some of the beams set up on wooden pillars, cushion wood on the stretcher, thatched grass or straw, grass covered with thin mud, and then put fine soil whacked into shape. Mostly bungalows, part of the two houses or three-story.

The earth palm house is warm in winter and cool in summer, with good fireproof performance, very practical.