What are the ways and roles of messaging

Messaging means that people communicate with each other through sound, words or images.　The study of information transfer is what people, to whom to say what, in what way to say, through what way to say, to achieve what purpose. In sales management, conveying information about a product means influencing people's purchasing behavior in a specific way, so that it can generate a response in the marketplace.　There are three basic links in the information transfer process. The first link is that the communicator (sales manager), in order to convey the message to the recipient (consumer), must translate the message into a language or image that the recipient understands. The second link is that the receiver (consumer) has to translate the message into an interpretation that he or she can understand, which is called "translation". The third link is the receiver's (consumer's) reaction to the information, which is then passed on to the communicator (sales manager), called "feedback".　　Definition of understanding 1. The object of information management is information resources and information activities (1) information resources it is information producers, information, information technology organism. The fundamental purpose of information management is to control the flow of information, to realize the utility and value of information. However, information is not always a resource, in order to make it become a resource and realize its utility and value, it is necessary to use the "human" intelligence and information technology and other means. Therefore, "human" is the main body of controlling information resources and coordinating information activities, which is the main element, and the process of collecting, storing, transmitting, processing and utilizing information activities cannot be separated from the support of information technology. Without the strong role of information technology, to achieve effective information management is impossible. As information activities are essentially to produce, transfer and use of information resources, information resources is one of the objects and results of information activities. Information producers, information, information technology, three elements to form an organic whole - information resources, is the basic elements of any information system, is one of the research object of information management.　(2) Information activities refers to the human society around the formation of information resources, transmission and utilization of management activities and service activities. The formation stage of information resources is characterized by information generation, recording, collection, transmission, storage, processing and other activities, the purpose is to form information resources that can be used. The development and utilization stage of information resources is characterized by activities such as transmission, retrieval, analysis, selection, assimilation, evaluation and utilization of information resources, with the aim of realizing the value of information resources and achieving the purpose of information management. Simply managing information resources and ignoring the information activities closely linked to information resources, the research object of information management is not comprehensive.　2. Information management is a kind of management activities The basic functions of management activities "planning, organizing, leading, controlling" are still the basic functions of information management activities, but the basic functions of information management are more targeted. 3. Information management is a social scale activity which reflects the universality and social nature of information management activities. It is involved in a wide range of social individuals, groups, countries involved in the universality of information acquisition, control and utilization activities. Information product management (micro): information collection, sequencing, analysis, circulation of information products Information system management (meso): design, implementation and evaluation, security management, information resource allocation, etc. Information industry management (macro): industrial structure and testing, the mechanism and management mode of the information service industry, industrial policy and information legislation, social informatization.　　The basic links of information transfer program There are three basic links in the information transfer program. The first link is that the communicator (sales manager), in order to communicate the information to the receiver (consumer), must "translate" the information into a language or image that the receiver can understand. The second step is for the recipient (consumer) to translate the message into an interpretation that he or she understands, which is called "translation in". The third link is the receiver (consumer) of the information to the response, to be transmitted to the conveyor (sales manager), known as feedback.　(A) conveyor, in the commodity information transfer process, the representative of the conveyor is the sales manager, by his choice of information machine communication channels, to influence, persuade consumers. The effect of information in the end, generally depends on three factors, specialization, credibility and visibility. Specialization means that the information should have specialized knowledge, for example, if the information about medicine is delivered through a reputable doctor, its specialization is high. Credibility means that the report should be true and reliable, for example, a third party should write news or feature stories about a product, which is more believable than a salesman's propaganda. Visibility means that the message should be attractive, easy to read and not misleading to the consumer. These are all issues of promotional technique. The sales manager should pay close attention to the search for more effective messages and delivery methods.　(ii) "Translation": In order to convey the message to the intended recipients, the communicator has to consider how to attract the recipients and make them understand it correctly, which is "translation". For example: the use of personnel marketing, conveying information is mainly expressed in words, the salesman can also be adapted to make their own language, tone, attitude more in line with the customer's requirements; at the same time, personnel marketing can also be used to demonstrate the samples, so that more accurately "translated" information. If the use of promotional tools are advertising or publicity text, "translation" work is even more difficult. This is because, first of all, it is necessary to consider the choice of communication method to be used in order to "translate" the message more completely, e.g., whether to choose television or to utilize the press? Secondly, it is necessary to study the techniques of "translation", such as what kind of scripts and pictures to use in the advertisement? Otherwise, the "translated" content may not be consistent with the intended message, or may not be vivid and attractive. In export trade promotion, due to the different cultures, languages and lifestyles of buyers and sellers, the methods and techniques of "translation" are more complicated, which is not only a matter of text translation.　(iii) The means of communication, which is the means of transmitting information. The use of personnel promotional channels, either by salesmen or company representatives and customers directly face to face; by consultants, experts with their own expertise to influence customers; or by the buyer's friends, neighbors, colleagues, family members in their daily dealings to influence the buyer. This type of influence is verbal. The use of non-personnel promotional methods can be through the press, television, radio, posters, letters and other media. If multiple methods are used at the same time, it becomes a media mix. Generally speaking, personnel marketing is more targeted but has a narrower impact, while non-personnel promotion is less targeted but has a wider impact. Therefore, the two at the same time, in order to complement each other, play a greater role.　(d) "Translation": After the enterprise will pass the information to the consumer, the consumer has a problem of understanding, this is the "translation". Whether the use of promotional tools have good results, the key lies in the "translation" and "translation" in line. If the consumer hears or sees a product after the publicity, his understanding and the enterprise wants to publicize the intention of the basic match, then, this kind of information transfer is successful.　(E) feedback, the enterprise to the product information out after, can not be finished, but also through market research, to understand the information on the impact of consumers, to understand the attitude of potential consumers of this product and changes in purchasing behavior, which is the feedback. Based on the feedback, the company should decide whether the future sales strategy should be adjusted. This is a complete model of information communication, which emphasizes the main elements of effective communication. The communicator must be clear about the type of receiver to whom the message is being sent and the type of response he or she wants, and must be familiar with how the message is to be translated and consider how the receiver will usually interpret it. The source must deliver the message through an effective medium that can reach the receiver. The communicator must also be open to feedback in order to understand the receiver's reaction to the message.　　Methods of Information Transmission 1,Ancient China, such as, postal delivery system, Hongyan transmission, beacons; foreign countries, there are drift bottles and so on.　More special methods: 1. with migratory birds, especially pigeons, geese, etc. as a transmission tool 2. for the filling of the way, such as hidden in the fish maw, cakes, buns, etc. 3. to special sounds, such as bells, drums, firecrackers, etc. 4. to the light, fire, such as the Kongming Lantern. There are also other signs, furnishings, etc., such as signs to lure the enemy 2, modern: telephone, telegraph, network communications, etc..　From the history of human communication, the evolution of the way of human communication presents such a vein: visual culture, auditory culture (intuitive feeling, "the spirit of seeing") - conceptual culture ("the spirit of reading") - the new conceptual culture ("the spirit of reading"). ") - new visual and auditory culture ("new spirit of seeing").　Therefore, we have absolute reason to believe that one day in the future, image information will dominate and literature will be relegated to an extremely marginal position, replaced by a multimedia art that can be heard, seen and even touched and smelled. However, the text is not as some people predicted, by the image completely replaced, because the text is the main means of accumulating knowledge, is an indispensable part of human beings to obtain abstract thinking, is the human communication media can not be missing 1. wired communication transmission, such as telephones, faxes, telegrams, television, etc..　2. Wireless communication transmission, such as walkie-talkies, beepers (eliminated), cell phones, radios.　3. Digital communication transmission, the most familiar, connected to the Internet computer, digital television.　4. Paper-based communication, such as letters and newspapers.　　When the posture, sound, etc. of an individual animal is seen as primarily communicating with other individuals of the same species, this is called animal messaging. The glow of a fluorescent insect tells the opposite sex of its existence. This is a form of information transfer. The type of information transfer is closely related to the sensory functions of each animal species. Many mammals use the odor of body secretions and urine and feces as a signal to locate their territory. Sound is the main means of information transmission in birds, mammals and other higher animals. Songbirds use their calls to announce the possession of their territory, and it is said that howler monkeys can produce 15-20 different calls, while chimpanzees (Chimpanzee) can produce more than 30 different calls. The use of facial expressions, tail movements, or changes in body posture as a means of transmitting information can be seen in many mammals, and these can be broadly interpreted as natural displays of emotion applied to the transmission of information. However, primates have marked behaviors, and the gmountin phenomenon in Japanese monkeys is an example. The gmountin is a gesture of copulation, which is a means of recognizing the superiority of the rider over the rider and the submissiveness of the rider to the rider. The evolutionary progression from animal sounds and marking behaviors to human syllabic language is a matter of debate. In general, there are three types of information transmission in ecosystems: eco-physical information, chemical information, and behavioral information.　　The role of information transmission Information plays a very important role in people's social life. For example, in scientific research, it is necessary to obtain the results of other people's research in a timely manner, but also to publish the results of their own research in a timely manner to tell others, only through this mutual exchange of information, in order to continue to develop; in war, it is necessary to obtain information about the enemy's troop arrangement in a timely manner, but also must be a variety of combat orders and into the conveyance of the officers and soldiers; business, it is necessary to understand the information of the market in a timely manner, in order to determine what kind of goods, where to buy goods, and where to go to buy goods. Into the goods, to where to sell, sell what; daily life, must be timely access to information about the weather, commodities, cultural and sports activities, friends and relatives working and living conditions, and often tell their own work, living conditions to friends and relatives. In short, only a continuous exchange of information between people, in order to make production, life and other activities carried out normally, people can not be separated from information for a moment.　Because information has a value, what is useful to people, will be passed between people. Professional terminology for the value of information as the amount of information, the unit is bit, you download something when you see the 20bps, that is, you receive 20 bits of information per second.　　Transmission characteristics Information System (Information System) is to provide information services for the main purpose of data-intensive, human-computer interaction of computer applications. It has four technical characteristics: (1) the amount of data involved. Data generally need to be stored in auxiliary memory, memory only temporary storage of a small part of the current data to be processed; (2) the vast majority of the data is persistent, that is, not with the end of the program operation and disappear, but need to be retained in the computer system for a long time; (3) these persistent data for multiple applications **** enjoy, even in a unit or a larger range of **** enjoy; (4) In addition to the data acquisition, transmission, (4) In addition to the basic functions of data collection, transmission, storage and management, but also to provide users with information retrieval, statistical reports, transaction processing, planning, design, command, control, decision-making, alarms, alerts, consulting and other information services.　Information systems is a wide range of computer applications, management information systems, geographic information systems, command information systems, decision support systems, office information systems, scientific information systems, intelligence retrieval systems, medical information systems, banking information systems, civil aviation booking system ...... belong to this category.　In terms of use, information system and its basic structure is **** the same. It can be generally divided into four levels: (1) hardware, operating system and network layer, is the development of information systems support environment; (2) data management layer, is the basis of information systems, including data collection, transmission, access and management, generally to the database management system (DBMS) as the core of the software; (3) the application layer, is directly related to the application of a layer, it includes a variety of applications, such as Analysis, statistics, reporting, planning, decision-making, etc.; (4) user interface layer, which is the information system to provide the user interface. Information system is a unit or department to provide comprehensive information services to the human-computer interaction system. Its users include all levels of personnel, and its impact also spread throughout the unit or department. Since most users of an information system are non-computer specialists, the user-friendliness of the user interface is very important. User interfaces are becoming an increasingly important part of information systems. The development and operation of information systems is not only a technical problem, but many non-technical factors, such as the importance of leadership, user cooperation and participation, etc., often have a decisive impact on its success or failure. Due to changes in the application environment and demand, the information [wiki] system often need to do adaptive maintenance. In the development and maintenance process, as far as possible, the use of a variety of software[/wiki] development tools is very necessary.　Information system is a kind of input data processing, processing, to produce data and information for solving certain aspects of the problem. Its main content is to generate information for decision-making in accordance with certain requirements designed for a set of organized application systems.　Information systems are generally divided into management information systems (ManagementInformatinonSystem referred to as Mis) and decision support system (DecisionSupportSystem referred to as Dss).　Management information system to make information resources to promote social progress, to obtain good social and economic benefits, must develop a set of software systems to support the collection of information, processing, transmission, access, provision, application and other aspects of the transaction processing, improve work efficiency and business management level. Decision support system in the collection, storage, provide a large amount of information on the basis of data, the establishment of a comprehensive analysis, forecasting the development of the model to judge the changes in the state of affairs, based on a large amount of raw data information, automatic decision-making program in line with the reality.　Statistical information system includes statistical report information query subsystem, statistical special survey and census subsystem, statistical information dissemination subsystem, statistical analysis and forecasting subsystem, domestic urban information subsystem, international information subsystem and office automation subsystem.　　The application of transmission Analyzing modern distance education from the perspective of information transmission I. The essential function of education is to cultivate human skills through the transmission of knowledge and information. The word "information" comes from Latin. The original meaning is to state, explain. In Chinese, "information" refers to the news that can be passed on and transmitted. The meaning of the word "information" in pedagogy is the knowledge contained in literature, images, colors, data, materials, which can be expressed in another way: information in pedagogy refers to the knowledge and skills that can be perceived by people through the sensory organs and the brain, as well as other relevant news. Therefore, in this sense, the way of education is to transform the information containing knowledge and skills into symbols for transmission.　The transfer of information by certain procedures and methods is called the mode of information transfer. In pedagogy, the main mode of information transfer is the mathematical mode. According to the classification criteria, teaching modes can be divided into different types, for example, according to the different open procedures in mathematics, they can be divided into open and closed types. According to the emergence of time and the use of different teaching tools are divided into traditional and modern type; teaching information transfer through the different distances, divided into face-to-face type and distance learning type. However, no matter how the teaching mode changes, it is the evolution of a basic information transfer mode.　This model shows that the transmission of knowledge and information in the teaching process has to go through two links of "encoding" and "channel", and the students have to go through the link of "decoding" when they receive the information. The following analysis of these links: 1, coding. The subject of teaching in sending knowledge information, with a certain text, images, sound, color and other information carrier. Called coding. The encoded information is called a signal.　2, choose the channel. The channel in teaching refers to the way of knowledge transfer. Each channel has its strengths and weaknesses. According to the characteristics of teaching personnel and teaching objects to choose one or more channels, so that the signal can be transmitted to the other side more accurately and quickly, called channel selection.　3, decoding. Signals transmitted by the channel in the process of interference by other external factors, these interfering factors known as "noise". In the teaching process, students receive the signal, remove the "noise", and return the signal to the knowledge information, called "decoding".　Second, although the specific mode of information transfer is the evolution of the basic mode, but each mode still has its own characteristics, the teaching information of the Weibei mode is also the case, the following analysis of the traditional teaching mode and modern distance learning mode to analyze and compare.　1, in the traditional teaching mode, the source of information is the teacher, the teacher through oral or blackboard writing and action demonstration and other forms of face-to-face transfer of knowledge and information to students. In this model, coding is the process of transforming the teacher's knowledge into verbal language, blackboard writing, and action demonstration, and the information is transmitted face-to-face between the teacher and the students, and the students receive the knowledge by listening, seeing, asking, and remembering. Of course, in this mode, students also read textbooks.　2, modern distance learning mode, the source is the main teacher or textbook editor-in-chief, they will be the knowledge of the information compiled into textbooks or made into audio, video, CD-ROM, software and so on. Through modern multimedia means to students, students in reading textbooks, listen to the sound and image of the materials, access to information sent from the source. In this model, coding is the process by which the pedagogical agent produces information in the form of textbooks, or in the form of sound, image and modern carriers. Textbooks, radio, television, computers, and other new technological media are among the channels available.　Comparing these two types of teaching concepts, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The modern distance learning model is much richer than the traditional one in terms of both coding forms and available channels. 2.　2, in the traditional teaching mode, the teacher is the main body of knowledge and information transfer, in the modern distance learning, the teacher can be divided into two categories, one is as the source of information as the main speaker or editor, they are the main body of knowledge and information transfer. Another category is in the whole teaching process plays a complementary role in counseling teachers, in receiving information from the source, they and students as the same information transfer object; in helping students to learn, they are the main body of counseling.　3, traditional teaching, teachers and students directly across the learning effect of timely and convenient information feedback; modern distance learning, the source and the host of the letter between the span of a large amount of knowledge information sent by the source, covering a wide range of information, but due to the intensity of the noise interference, the learning effect of the feedback is not as rapid as the traditional model.　Third, a complete information transfer system, from the source to the host need to go through five links. No matter which link in the middle of the obstruction, will affect the smooth flow of the entire transmission system, can not achieve the desired effect of transmission. This kind of blockage is the transmission barrier. In any transmission system there may be transmission barriers, which is determined by the transmission process itself has special characteristics.　In modern distance learning, from the source of the main lecture or the main editor to send knowledge information to the host of the students to accept this knowledge, in the encoding, channel, decoding three intermediate links in any of the intermediate links on the gap will cause direct teaching obstacles. Therefore, the reasons for the obstacles of information transmission in modern distance learning can be analyzed as follows: 1. Poor coding technology. In modern distance learning, in addition to textbooks, a large amount of knowledge and information to be produced or audio, video, CD-ROM, software and other new technology carriers, and then through modern multimedia means of transmission to the students, the great development of the students' perception, attention, memory, understanding, thinking, imagining, imitation, operation and other psychological qualities, so that a long cognitive process is greatly shortened. However, if the encoding lacks a certain degree of scientificity and the new technological carriers are not prepared in accordance with the perceptual characteristics, the encoded information will not be easily deciphered and restored. To the students to accept the knowledge caused by certain difficulties.　2, improper channel selection. Modern distance learning, modern new science and technology media greatly enriched the teaching means, but, if not according to the content of the information, the characteristics of the information receiving object, as well as a variety of media features for a reasonable choice, it will lead to strong noise and weak information, or transmission of information in the distortion.　3, decoding obstacles, distance learning in the "decoding" refers to the students in the sense of receiving the signal, to eliminate all kinds of "noise" interference, the signal into the information form of knowledge, and then to achieve understanding, retention, application, migration process. In the information transmission, if the interference factor is too strong or the students' decoding ability is too low, the decoding obstacle will arise, and the teaching task can not be finalized.　In modern distance learning, there are possible reasons for obstacles, so the transmission of knowledge and information may be blocked. In order to ensure the successful completion of the teaching author, in teaching should pay attention to the following aspects: 1, information encoding should be in line with the law of perception. Students' learning is a process of perception, understanding, consolidation and application. In this process, perception is the starting point of learning, so in distance learning, coding must be in line with the laws of perception, such as the shape and size of the knowledge symbols, structural characteristics, color, color, and sound to meet the degree of sensibility. Enhance the contrast, pay attention to the speed of change, etc., in order to stimulate students' perceptual interest, access to perceptual materials.　2, according to the actual situation of students and teaching content selection channel. The advantages and disadvantages of the channel does not depend on the choice of media technology value, nor does it depend on the degree of modernization of technology, but depends on whether it is suitable for the actual situation. Therefore, the choice of channel should be based on the characteristics of distance learning, from the students' learning conditions, according to the status of the media, nature, psychological effects, advantages and disadvantages to carry out.　3、Strengthen the support services for students' learning, increase the counseling efforts of tutors, and improve the students' decoding ability. And actively establish information feedback system, in order to get timely and accurate information on the learning effect of students, and promote the continuous improvement of teaching methods.