Where is the bronze drum in Yuan Mei's masterpiece "Bronze Drum Fu"? -Idle reading "Poems with Fate" (260)

The bronze drum is a kind of bronze ware with special social significance in ancient China. It was originally a percussion instrument and later evolved into a symbol of power and wealth. It is regarded as a precious heavy weapon or ritual vessel. It began to appear in the 7th century BC. The existing bronze drums existed from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the Han Dynasty was the most exquisite and varied. According to the different popular areas and styles of bronze drums, they can be divided into Yunnan and Guangdong. Generally speaking, Yunnan bronze drums are small in size, and the patterns are mostly faint with Danxian, and the halo forms changes in size and width. Guangdong bronze drum is very tall, with three-dimensional frog relief on its surface. Later it spread to Southeast Asia, such as Yangon. Bronze drums play a huge role and are generally used for sacrifices, musical instruments, summoning, weddings, festivals and so on.

Hey, hey, the voice is k not ng k not ng. Describe the sound of knocking on a stone.

Chen Bing refers to the first year of Qianlong, 1736. That year, Yuan Mei was 20 years old.

Guangdong, the Qing Dynasty refers to Guangdong and Guangxi, the land of Guangdong. Later refers to Guangdong.

Golden branch (sound hóng), (1677—1740), the word Fang Zhen, the word virtue and goodness. Han soldiers with white flags. Originally from Dengzhou, Shandong. He served as magistrate of Guangchang, and at the beginning of Yongzheng, he was promoted to magistrate of Taiyuan. Later he was promoted to judge, minister and governor of Guangxi. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), he called the assistant minister of punishments. Because he borrowed thousands of public funds when he left office, his successor disintegrated, dismissed and handed it over to the Ministry for deliberation. Forgive your sins and stay at home. Ganlong died in the spring of five years at the age of 63.

Chen Jia refers to forty-nine years of Qianlong, 1784. Yuan Mei is 69 years old.

Bronze Drum Fu, Yuan Mei's Parallel Prose.

The upper reaches of Gui Jiang, a tributary of Lijiang River and Xijiang River (the main stream of the upper reaches of the Pearl River), is located in the northeast of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It starts at the mouth of Rongjiang Town in Xing 'an, connects with the Lingqu of the ancient canal, passes through lingchuan county and ends at Gongcheng River in the north of pingle town, Pingle County, with a total length of 164km. Pingle town is hereinafter referred to as Gui Jiang. The river continues to flow south to Wuzhou and into Xijiang River.

Official Bibliography of Song Dynasty: Chongwen Mu Zong. In the first year of Jingyou, Song Renzong (1034), Zhang Guan, Li Shu and Song Qi, the bachelor of Hanlin, were ordered to sort out the books in the Three Pavilions and the Secret Pavilion and make a compilation. Soon, Hanlin bachelor Wang, Nie, Guo Zhen, Chu, and Ouyang Xiu were ordered to make corrections. From seven years to July of the first year, sixty volumes were written, and in December of the first year (104 1), Wang Zhuo, a bachelor of Hanlin, was given the title Chongwen Catalogue, which is the earliest existing national bibliography in China, with a total of * * * sixty-six volumes (the suicide note after the visit was included in the catalogue), divided into four parts and forty-five categories. It contains 3445 classics and 30669 volumes. Bibliography was not very popular in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the number of volumes recorded in various books varied. From Jiajing to Wanli in Ming Dynasty, Fan Qin Tianyi Pavilion had this bibliography collection. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yizun copied the Collection of Tianyi Pavilion, which made bibliography reappear in the world.

Western dynasty, meaning prosperous dynasty; Make the dynasty prosperous. From the Song Dynasty's Book of Master He Hanlin: "Brothers facing each other are the glory of the world; Lu Wei's ascension to heaven is also the story of Xi Xi. "

digression

People who have been to Guangxi and participated in Miao Village tourism have generally seen bronze drums. Those who have been to Yunnan can often see it in ethnic customs tourism projects. I remember the first time I went to Guangxi and saw it for the first time. At first glance, I thought it was a bronze stool. Later, the tour guide said it was a "bronze drum", only to know that it was the most precious and sacred thing for ethnic minorities. Fortunately, I didn't expect it, so I sat on it.

Yuan Mei's teenagers became famous and became famous all over the world, which began with an essay "On the Bronze Drum". In the first year of Qianlong (1736), 20-year-old Yuan Mei came to Guilin from his hometown in Hangzhou to find a way out for his uncle Justin, who was then working in the governor's shogunate of Guangxi. Justin doesn't welcome this nephew from afar. He is not famous himself, just making a living as a screen guest. How can he help his nephew to get rich? Fortunately, when Jinji saw Yuan Mei's generous manner and quick answers, he wanted to test the famous child prodigy. So he wrote an article entitled "Bronze Drum Fu" in the Bagui Hall of the Governor's yamen with the bronze drum he got in Tonggu Beach, Guiping County in the eighth year of Yongzheng. Yuan Mei wrote thousands of words, literary talent flying, full of applause. The Jinyi Party soon included this article as the first article of Literature and Art in the annals of Guangxi Province. Later, it was specially composed, and Yuan Mei was recommended to take the "learned word" exam, and presented with 120 silver, and sent someone to escort him to Beijing, making Yuan Mei the youngest participant in the country and the satellites of Beijing.

The preface to Yuan Mei's "Fu on the Bronze Drum" describes the general situation that Jin Ji got the bronze drum and "stayed and guarded the army with the door": "The bronze drum maker got what the Han Dynasty got, but the Wu Hou captured Meng and got the legacy. However, the distant years have passed, the stars have changed, and mountains are everywhere. Who can listen to the bell again, Surabaya remains the same, and the ancient tripod no longer holds. This is a blessing from the gods, which must be passed on to others. It is also a moral fumigation, and it was only after Wu Rui was invited. Mr. Gong Jin from Dacheng Deshan, Mr. Mudd from Sanjiang, Ren Ming from Baiyue and Fu Yun are green with silver jars, and the golden boat in the rain is purple, so the tiller comes first and the fisherman comes second. As soon as he entered the gate, Zhao Yu became auspicious. One stays behind and is used by the military. " In the preface, Yuan Mei talked about the origin of bronze drums, one was the booty captured by Ma Yuan, the general of Fu Bo in the Han Dynasty, and the other was Zhuge Liang's legacy of capturing Meng Huo. Yuan Mei's statement is an ancient record of the origin of bronze drums. In fact, with the study of bronze drums by western scholars at the beginning of the last century and subsequent archaeological excavations, bronze drums were used much earlier than the Han Dynasty and were frequently unearthed in tombs during the Warring States period. Up to now, experts have different opinions about the origin of bronze drums. Most people think that bronze drums are developed from copper kettles (ancient cookers). Because the shape of the original bronze drum is particularly similar to that of the copper kettle, and there are traces of soot on the early bronze drum unearthed in Wanjiaba, Chuxiong, Yunnan in recent years. Some people think that bronze drums evolved from leather drums. Because the climate in the south is wet and rainy, the leather drum is easy to get wet and moldy, which leads to the loss of the original musical instrument effect, so people use bronze drums instead of leather drums.

Yuan Mei's Fu on Tonggu is a parallel prose. The image of the bronze drum is described in gorgeous words, such as "its shape is like sitting on a pier, its face is like a game, Cangling divides sand, cuts the jade belly around, inside the navel, and has a small waist." Speaking of the color and pattern of bronze drums, "the trend is better than Qin Cen, and the pattern is better than dark green." "Its color is Rodin Xianjia, and Aobei is the wind; Flowers are like embroidery, but if they are luxurious, the lines are straight and still vertical. From a distance, if Zhu Yun is in Baoding; Looking closely, if the green feathers are heavy. " Describe its sound, "its sound is sound, it is rhyme." First frost chimes, thunder shakes the earth, the Han Palace tiles, the house dust flies, Qin Duo drives the mountain, the vegetation knows the earthquake, the machine is clear in the ground, and it is vaguely sung in Xiange; It is like a whale, very close to the sky. "From the above quotation, we have to admire Yuan Mei's literary and historical skills and writing ability. This "Fu on Tonggu" is not only written with a pen, but also scripted. Nowadays, professors of literature and history may not be able to pronounce the words correctly, and there are no mistakes throughout. Some people who don't know Yuan Mei always think that although his poems have spiritual qualities, they are superficial and think that Yuan Meilang has the name of a gifted scholar. If you have read Fu on the Bronze Drum, which he was ordered to finish on the spot at the age of 20, this illusion must be gone.

There is a story about the bronze drum that Yuan Mei saw in the governor's yamen in Guangxi. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Jinji wrote The Record of Bronze Drum, in which it was recorded that the shape of bronze drum was: "The height of bronze drum is one foot six inches, slightly reduced, and the surface diameter is two feet six inches. On Wednesday, its diameter decreased slightly, only more than six feet nine inches, and the bottom was as empty as the surface. Toads are stacked on the surface, six in size and twelve in weight, which means that the combination of law and Lu should be like the profit and loss in December. There are also 12 circular lines in the middle edge, which are dense and alternate with each other, and they are all very thin and have different shapes. There are two ears like rings beside them, which are used for licking. The whole body is complete and there is no shortage at all. It seems that there are still people in charge. " During the Jiaqing period, Xie Qikun, governor of Guangxi, built a bronze drum tower in Fuya, which was specially used to store bronze drums stored in golden cups. But after Xie Qikun, the bronze drum tower gradually abandoned. In the 16th year of Daoguang (1836), Liang Zhangju was the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. From Xie Qikun to Liang Zhangju, the interval was 35 years, during which 16 was changed as governor. The bronze drum tower can only be abandoned silently in the southeast corner of the governor's office. Liang Zhangju didn't know the existence of the Copper Drum Tower at first, but later he learned about it through his ambition. Liang Zhangju regretted the obscurity of this building and decided to rebuild the bronze drum tower. At this time, he has been in Daoguang for seventeen years (1837) and has been collecting with Jin Ji for more than a hundred years. I looked at the bronze drum again, but I found a change: "But the drum in front of the golden book says there are six toads stacked around, and the number is twelve, which means that Fa and Lu were born together. On closer inspection, there are only six toads, each with four feet, and there is no sign of overlapping. " According to their descriptions and experts' research, the drum described by Jin Zhi belongs to Lingshan type, while the drum described by Liang Zhangju belongs to cold water bronze drum. It can be seen that the bronze drum in the bronze drum building has been replaced by later generations.

From this story, I remembered a news a few years ago. From June 10 to March/0, 2002, Xiao Yuan, the former director of the library of Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts, took advantage of his position, opened the door to enter the painting library with a set of keys prepared in advance (three keys were kept by three people respectively), and copied 143 paintings by painters such as Zhang Daqian and Qi Baishi in advance, stealing them for himself. From 2004 to 20 1 1 year, Xiao Yuan entrusted 125 paintings and calligraphy works to China Guardian Auction Company and Zhejiang Yitong Auction Company for auction, with a total transaction price of more than 34 million yuan. The remaining 18 unsold paintings and calligraphy works were seized, with an appraisal value of about 76 million yuan. After the case of 20 15, Xiao Yuan was sentenced to 10 by Guangzhou Intermediate People's Court. 20 17 died in prison.

Therefore, the bronze drum of the governor's yamen in Guangxi is associated with the famous painters and calligraphers in Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts. It is still an old saying: No matter where the treasure is stored, there will be people who covet it and take it for themselves, but it is often unreliable to overcome greed only by human self-discipline, and the most fundamental thing is to rely on the system.