English Historical Vocabulary

1. Find words in English that have a historical evolution and tell how they evolved

stan _stane_stone (stone) Ancient - Medieval - Modern e.g. Lunden " London, London". The Germans came from the flatlands and depressions, and they lacked words for ruggedness, so they borrowed some Celtic words . For example, cumb "deep valley" occurs in the names of places such as Cumberland. In addition to place names, there are about two dozen Celtic loanwords in Old English. They are of two kinds: the first is everyday language, such as binn "basket basket", luh "lake lake", etc. The second is language about religious activities. The other category is language related to religious activities, such as ancor "hermit hermit", clugge "bell bell", cursian "curse curse "" [5](P62) Latin Borrowed Words: Latin is the language of the Roman Empire, and the history of Britain began with the invasion of the Roman Empire, and since Britain was a province of the Roman Empire at that time, Old English also borrowed words from Latin. For example, the Old English word chase, or cheese in modern English, comes from the Latin word caseus. Scandinavian loanwords: Around the end of the ninth century, England was invaded by Scandinavians (Norse pirates). The Danes continued to invade throughout the tenth century. As a result of these invasions, a large number of Scandinavian languages entered Old English. The first Scandinavian loanwords in Old English vocabulary were in the names of people and places. For example: word-final -by, -thorp, -thwaite, -toft "town, village, settlement" . Old English also absorbed some legal terms, everyday words, adjectives, verbs, etc. . For example, Old English lagu "law law", Old English weorpan "to cast, to cast, to throw" was replaced by Scandinavian kasta, and so on.

2. 80 words to introduce Chinese history in English

This evening, the Beijing Olympic Games will be opened, we look forward to the mon will of this historic moment has arrived. I, on behalf of the government and people, ladies and gentlemen, would like to thank you for your support. On behalf of the government and people, ladies and gentlemen here Beijing Olympic Games, he expressed a warm wele!

Bid to host the Olympic Games in Beijing and in the process of anizing the Government and people by the Governments and people's sincere help, by the International Olympic mittee and international Olympic family's support. Here, I mend you and through you to all for the Beijing Olympic Games to contribute to the people, expressed sincere thanks!

3.求大量有关历史的英语单词短语,+30分

history ['histri] n. 历史，历史学 narrative ['n?r?tiv] n. 記记，叙事 Herodotus [h?'r?d?t?s] n. Herodotus circa ['s?:k?] prep. ?] prep. (Latin) approx. (abbreviated c., ca., cir., circ., C.) Thucydides [θju'sid?di:z] n. Thucydides chronological [.kr?n?'l?d?ik?l] adj. chronological, chronological order territorial [.teri 't?:ri?l] adj. regional, local thematically [θi'm?tikli] adv. thematically, topically Big History archaeology [.ɑ:ki'?l?d?i] n. archaeology methodology [.meθ?'d?l? d?i] n. methodology approach [?' pr?ut?] n. research methodology discipline ['disiplin] n. discipline perspective [p?'spektiv] n. perspective the humanities [hju:'m?nitiz] the humanities the social sciences social science classification [.kl?sifi'kei?n] n. classification anthropology [. ?nθr?'p?l?d?i] n. anthropology global history global history historiography [.hist?: ri'??gr?fi] n. historical codification, historiography, bibliography biographical [.bai?'gr?fik?l] adj. biographical, biographical thematic [θi'm?tik] adj. thematic, thematic medieval [medi'i:v?l] adj. medieval philosophy of history philosophy of history meta-level ['met? 'lev?l] overall level, meta-level teleological [.teli'?l?d?ik?l ] adj. teleological [.teli'?l?d?ik?l] adj. teleological [.teli'?l?d?ik?l] adj. teleological [.teli'?l?d?ik?l] adj. teleological [.teli'?l?ik?l] adj. teleological [.teli'?l?d?ik? ?p?'ni:?n] adj. Peloponnesian divine [di'vain] adj. divine, sacred chronology [kr?'n?l?d?i] n. chronicle cyclical ['saiklikl] adj. posthumous ['p?stjum?s] adj. posthumous, after death dynastic ['p?stjum? dynastic [dai'n?stik] adj. dynastic Saint Augustine [seint ? :'g?stin]n.圣奥古斯丁 Christian ['kristj?n] adj. Christianity, Christianity the Renaissance [r?'neis?ns] n. Renaissance, Renaissance religious [ri'lid?s] adj. religious Hegel ['heigl] n. Hegel secular ['sekjul?] adj. secular Ranke [r?k] n. Ranke epic ['epik] adj. epic, narrative; epic, narrative poem nationalistic [.nn?l'istik] adj. nationalism Fernand Braudel [fer'nan br? 'del] Fernand Braudel [fer'nan br? Le Roy Ladurie [l? rwa ladju'ri:] Laloua? Marc Bloch [mark bl?k] Marc? Marc Bloch [mark bl?k] Lucien Febvre [lysj?n fevr] 呂西安? Fevre multi-disciplinary [.m?lti'disiplin?ri] adj. multidisciplinary the Annales ['?n?lz] School yearbook school quantitative history quantitative history raw data raw data ethnic ['eθnik] adj. ethnicity, ethnicity, ethnicity, ethnicity, ethnicity, ethnicity, ethnicity, etc. racial racial ['eθnik] adj. racial, ethnic racial ['rei?l] adj. race genre ['?ɑ:nr?] n. type, genre, style history of everyday life history of everyday life Marxist ['mɑ:ksist] adj., n. of Marxism; Marxist Eric Hob *** awm ['erik 'h?b *** ?m] Eric? Hobsbawm Gees Lefebvre [?r? l?'fevr] Georges? Fran?ois Furet [fran'swa fy're] Fran?ois Frey. Fran?ois Furet [fran'swa fy're] Roland Mousnier [r?'lan mu:'njei] Roland Mousnier. Mousnier anti-Marxist adj. anti-Marxist feminist ['feminist] adj. feminist, feminist; feminist postmodernist [.p?ust'm?d?rnist] n., adj. postmodernist; postmodernist Richard Evans ['rit?d 'ev?nz] Richard? Evans Keith Windschuttle [keiθ 'win?tl] Keith? Windschuttle historical periodization [pi?ri?dai'zei?n] historical staging classificatory [.kl?sifi'keit?ri] adj. classificatory, categorically retrospective [.retr?u'spektiv] adj. retrospective retrospective the Gilded Age the Dark Age(s) the First World War decimal ['desim?l] adj. decimal, ten-based tali *** anic [.t?liz'm?nik] adj. talismanic, with talismanic the Victorian [vik't?:ri?n] Era the Napoleonic [n?.p?uli'?nik] Era the Napoleonic era the Meiji ['mei'd?i:] Era the Meiji era the Merovingian [.m?r?'vind?i? n] Period Romantic [r?'m?ntik] period the Romantic period the sexual ['seksju?l] revolution conservative [k?n's?:v?tiv] adj. conservative Roman Catholic ['k?θ ?lik] culture Roman Catholic culture Franco ['fr?k?u] n. Franco primitive culture primitive culture Paul Tournal [p?l turnal] Paul Tournal anté-historique ['a:?tei 'ist?rik] n. (French) prehistoric prehistoric ['pri:his't?rik] n. prehistoric Daniel Wilson ['d?nj?l 'wilsn] Daniel Wilson prehistorian [pri:hi'st?:ri?n] n. an expert in prehistory, a prehistorian the Stone Age the Bronze Age the Iron Age excavation [.eksk?'vei?n] n. excavation geologic [d?i?'l?'d?ik] adj. geology geographic [d?i?'gr?fik] adj. geography literate [' lit?rit] adj. literate geicist [d?i'isist] n. geneticist linguist ['li?gwist] n. linguist paleontology [.p?li?n't?l?d?i] n. paleontology biology [bai'?l?d?i] n. biology geology [d?i'?l?d?i] n. geology archaeoastronomy [.ɑ: ki?u?s'tr?n?mi] n. archaeoastronomy linguistics [li?'gwistiks] n. linguistics molecular [m?'lekjul?] adj. molecular geics [.d?i'iks] n. biology [d?i'iks] n. biology [.p?li?'n't?l?d?i] n. biology [.p?li?'n't?l?d?i] n. biology d?i'iks] n. genetics archaeological [.a:ki?'l?d?ik?l] adj. archaeological, archaeological artifact ['ɑ:tif?kt] n. artifact anonymous [?' n?nim?s] adj. nameless, anonymous Neanderthal [ni'?nd?tɑ:l] n. Neanderthal academic [...?

4. English names*** Several words

The average person has three

1) Given name (also known as first name, or Christian name)

2) Middle name (also known as second name)

3) Surname (also known as last name, family name)

In more traditional families, the Scandinavian and Royal families may have several middle names. For example, Prince William's full name is (His Royal Highness, Prince) William Arthur Philip Louis Windsor.

Western culture prefers to call their children by their grandparents' names, and pass down the names from one generation to the next, so the middle name is especially important in English-speaking countries because it can be used to distinguish between children with the same name and the same surname in a family.

Western cultures like to call their children by their grandparents' names.

5. Does anyone know how English words have evolved historically

Almost all words of Germanic origin (including all basic words like pronouns, conjunctions, etc.) are relatively short and informal.

Latin-origin words usually stand for more elegant or cultured. However, excessive use of words of Latin origin can be seen as pretentious or deliberately confusing.

George Orwell's essay "Politics and the English Language" describes this thoroughly. When choosing words, English speakers can usually pick from close equivalents of Germanic and Latin sources: for example, "sight" and "vision", "freedom" and "liberty". and "vision", "freedom" and "liberty".

There are subtle differences between these synonyms, and users are free to choose combinations to express different points of view. Most of the words used in everyday life are generally of Germanic origin.

Most words of Latin origin are usually used in more formal speeches and articles, such as courtroom speeches or writing encyclopedias. Since the English vocabulary consists mainly of roots, and new words can easily be formed by combining different roots, the English vocabulary is very large, but if you want to estimate the exact number, you have to decide what counts as an English word first.

Unlike other languages, however, there is no single academic authority that defines what constitutes an official English vocabulary. New words are constantly emerging in the fields of medicine, science and technology, some of which make their way into popular everyday language, while others are used only within a small group of people.

Foreign words brought in by immigrant groups are also often integrated into English-speaking society. It is also impossible to tell whether some archaic and dialectal words can be considered English.

The Oxford English Dictionary (second edition) contains over half a million entries, with a more relaxed standard: "Includes standard words from literature and everyday conversation, whether contemporary, obsolete, or archaic, as well as major scientific and technical vocabulary and a large number of dialect and slang words. " (Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary, 1933) Editorial Features of English 1) Characteristics of English Spelling and Pronunciation English is the most irregular language in the world in terms of spelling and pronunciation, and it can be argued to a certain extent that English does not belong to the category of pinyin writing, where multiple letters or combinations of letters pronounce the same sound, and conversely the same sound can be pronounced by multiple letters or combinations of letters.

Such as the letter A can send up to eight sounds, TH combination of three sounds such as Thailand, Thyme, Thames and other words to send irregular / t / sound, ough the combination of letters *** have nine ways of pronouncing the nine pronunciation of the representative words are: ① though (although) ② thought (thoughts, ideas, ideas, thoughts) ③ enough, rough (enough, rough, rough, rough) enough, rough (足 , rough, make uneven) ④ thorough (thorough, complete, full) ⑤ cough (cough) ⑥ through (through, through, from ... start to finish) ⑦ hiccough (hiccup) ⑧ plough (plowing, frown) ⑨lough (lake) as in the case of a Sentence: Though the rough cough and hiccough plough me through, I ought to cross the lough. In this sentence, the same combination of letters, ough, can be pronounced in eight different ways, which are ①[o ] ②[[Λf] ③[)f] ④[Λp] ⑤[ au] ⑥[u] ⑦[)] ⑧[ax] Unpronounceable letters are particularly numerous, such as words like debt, b, ptarmigan, viscount, island, hour, and indict all have unpronounceable letters.

There are also many words with completely confusing and unruly spelling words like Czech, cello, cafe, one, mnemonic, maugham, vaughan, chalet, debut, and many others that have no idea how to pronounce them without relying on phonetic symbols. There are no fixed rules about which syllable to put the stress on, and vowels in non-stressed syllables are often weak and mutated, making already confusing spellings even more confusing, and even worse, if the stress on a word or phrase is mispronounced or misspoken, it means that the meaning of the word or phrase is altered, resulting in a misunderstanding of the meaning.

In addition to irregular spelling and unfixed stress, English words are also divided into strong-reading and weak-reading styles, and the other to the English language that has already been spelled confusingly, it becomes impossible to grasp its correct pronunciation from its spelling, which is why there is a large number of deaf and mute English in China, such as weak-reading examples of English, can: /k?n/, weak-reading I can go /a k ɡo/, and: /?n/, and: /?n/, and: /a k ɡo/, and: /?n/, and: /?n/, and: /a k ɡo/, and: /?n/, and. and: /?nd/, weakly pronounced you and me /ju n mi/, he: /hi/, weakly pronounced will he go? /wl go/ and so on. Summarize Because of the English accent and English spelling and pronunciation have no rules to follow, coupled with the English is divided into strong and weak pronunciation, making it impossible to grasp the correct pronunciation of English from the written spelling, the combination of the above spelling confusion, the accent is not fixed, the unpronounceable letters are particularly large, and the division of strong and weak pronunciation, the English language in the future may lose the supremacy of the world's lingua franca.

2) Characteristics of English sentence structure The sentence structure of English is relatively simple and natural, in line with the natural order of logical thinking, that is to say, the word order of English word order is more natural. English is not like German or Russian, the sentence structure is not so complex, the word order does not have so many inversion phenomenon (inversion).

The grammatical gender of English is consistent with the natural gender, unlike Russian and Latin, where all nouns are divided into masculine, feminine and neuter according to their grammatical gender. unlike Russian and Latin, which categorize all nouns according to their grammatical gender into masculine, feminine and neuter. In this way, modern English has dispensed with the complex grammatical variations of nouns and adjectives, which are still preserved in large numbers in German and Russian.

So the first characteristic of English is that its structure is simpler and therefore more understandable and easier to learn. The second characteristic of English is that it has a very rich vocabulary, which makes it particularly expressive.

It is estimated that the English vocabulary consists of more than one million words, ranking first among the world's languages. The English language also has a wide variety of means of word formation, so it is constantly producing new words.

Another phenomenon is that the meanings of words in English are constantly changing, and original words can acquire new meanings, and such changes are natural and seemingly effortless. For example, the original meaning of sophisticated was "very experienced, seasoned, worldly", and its basic meaning is "to lose one's simplicity".

The progression from this basic meaning to "complex, sophisticated" is natural and effortless. Thus, we can modify weapons and get the new concept of "sophisticated weapons".

In this way, the original word sophisticated becomes two words, because it acquires a completely different meaning. In addition. English also has a large number of phrasal verbs, which consist of a verb plus an adverb.

6. History of the Development of the English Language

The history of the development of the English language can be traced back to about 500 BC. The earliest recorded language on the island of Great Britain was Celtic around 500 BC. When the Romans invaded Great Britain in 55 BC and continued to occupy it for about 500 years, Latin entered the area and became the official language, and Celtic declined in status. Around 449 AD, three Germanic tribes living in Denmark and northern Germany took advantage of the decline of the Roman Empire to invade the island of Great Britain. They were the Angles (who invaded the central part of the Jutland peninsula), the Saxons (who invaded the southern part of the Jutland peninsula) and the Jutes (who invaded the northern part of the Jutland peninsula). Linguistically, they replaced the Celtic language spoken in the area at the time. These three Germanic dialects evolved into a new language, Anglo-Saxon, which was the basis of the English language. By 700 A.D., the mixture of the three tribes on the island of Great Britain was called Englisc. By 1000 A.D., the entire country was called Englaland. These two words later became English and England, which is the historical origin of the words English and England.8 At the end of the 8th century, the Danes invaded England in large numbers and established the Danish Quarter in the north-east of the country, which lasted for nearly 300 years, bringing with them Scandinavian languages that had a great influence on the development of the English language. In 1066 AD, the Norman Dukes of France invaded England and were crowned King of England, establishing the Norman Dynasty, which lasted until 1154. During the reign of the Norman dynasty, three languages actually existed in England: French was the official language; Latin was the religious language used for reading the Bible and religious activities in churches; and English was the secular language used by the lower class laborers. The special status of French in England lasted until the 14th century, and it was only in 1362, 1385, and 1399 that the use of French in courts, schools, and courts ceased.It was the appearance of the Bible, written in English, in 1382 that ended Latin's status as the language of religion. It was only then that English became the national language of England. As a result, English retained a large number of French words (age, air, brush, cry, bourgeoisie) and Latin words (angel, candle, moke, pope). In the "Renaissance" period (14th -16th centuries), because people showed great interest in the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, the English language absorbed a lot of ancient societies and the essence of the culture of the European continent, vocabulary greatly increased. For example, geometry, astronomy, botany from Greek; rade, alley, surf, from French; banana, cocoa, mosquito from Spanish; violin, piazza from Italian. After the 18th century, the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the scramble for colonies made the English language go global with the development of the Empire. the growth of the empire to the world. As a result, it absorbed a lot of new vocabulary in its interaction with other places. For example, zebra, chim-pazee from Africa; cashmere, shampoo from India; tea, litchi from Chinese; kangaroo, boomerang from Australia; cannibal, canoe from the West Indies. As a result of the growth of the British colonies and mass emigration abroad, English has also spread abroad from its native land (e.g. BBC English Radio). Currently, outside of the UK, English is spoken as a first language (i.e., native language) in Ireland, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, Guyana, The Bahamas, Barbados, Barbados, and the United States. （Barbados, Bermuda, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, and in Canada most people speak English; English as an official language is spoken in Nigeria, Ghana, and the United States. English is spoken by most people in Canada, and as an official language in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Singapore, India, and the Philippines, and as a second language in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. English has gradually developed into a world language and has replaced French in diplomacy as the most important language for political, economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges in the world today. Although there are several countries where English is spoken as a native language, we recommend the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom as the main countries for tutors. There are also regional differences in English. In mainland Britain, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes who came to the British Isles from the Jutland Peninsula settled in different locations, which led to regional differences in the development of English from the beginning. With the development of industry and cities, London not only became the largest city in the country, but also absorbed residents from various dialect areas in the country, and various dialects merged with each other. The language used in Oxford and Cambridge, with the London area as the cultural center of the country, became the standard language of the United Kingdom, which was then disseminated to the whole country and abroad through radio and television, so that the language of the country and the overseas English language were gradually united. 2. The History of the Development of the English Language: Diffusion of the English Language 2. History of the Development of English: Diffusion and Development of English Outside of Britain, the distribution of English gradually expanded through immigration and politics. At the same time, due to the spatial distance from the mainland and the objective reasons of the receiving place, the foreign dialects of English appeared, mainly American English, Australian English, South African English and Indian English. Among them, American English is the most widely used and the most important English dialect outside the British mainland. In the 17th century, British settlers began to colonize North America (now the east coast of the United States). The number of settlers increased and 13 colonies were established along the coast. These 13 colonies, through the independence movement, founded the United States and became the first 13 states of the United States. They were freed from their British affiliation, so English, the language spoken by the settlers, became the language of the United States. As the Atlantic Ocean separates the United States from Great Britain, the exchange of people and languages between the two sides has been affected, and the English of the two places has gradually become different. American English dialects are mainly divided into New England, the mid-Atlantic coast and the South. The New England dialect area is the northeastern part of the United States centered on Massachusetts. It is populated by English immigrants, two-thirds of whom came from the Puritans of East Anglia, and a minority from the north of England.