Simple german introduction section

Although the functional communication features of a certain communication style are always the same and its language forms can be varied, they are not arbitrary, but have certain rules and patterns to follow. For example, in terms of words and collocation, there are often fixed or relatively stable patterns, generally established patterns, phrases and sentence patterns. This function will be further discussed by taking wish language as an example.

Second, the functional communication mode of greetings

A wish word is a wish for something that didn't happen (Wen Shi? u？ Erung) is different from greeting, it is a congratulations on what has happened. Wishing language is a kind of folk language phenomenon used to express good wishes and add festive atmosphere. In daily communication, people express their wishes and hopes through various forms of wishing words. For example, I wish others good luck, long health and happy holidays. These words are full of warmth and love.

From the perspective of communication purposes, the function of wishes is to arouse the inner happiness and excitement of others, or to realize the psychological satisfaction function of seeking good fortune and avoiding evil, and seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages. It expresses people's love for beautiful things, their desire for future happiness, and reflects people's pursuit and desire. Therefore, according to William Schmidt's functional communication view, the communicative intention of desire belongs to Aktivieren's "emotionales Bewegen". Further analysis of the functional communication characteristics of the desire communication model, its basic and remarkable characteristics are "inzitativ" and "statement". However, an important factor affecting the communication process is the communication situation. There are many communication occasions where wishes are used, such as toasting at dinners, festivals, birthdays, weddings, holidays and visiting patients. In different communication occasions and occasions, the functional communication characteristics of desire are the same, namely "motivation" and "statement", but they are slightly different. For example, the scene of visiting the sick, "Take care and wish you a speedy recovery!" The functional communicative feature of this kind of desire language is not only the explicit distinctive communicative feature of "motivation" and "statement", but also the distinctive communicative feature of "comfort". For another example, in a supportive and encouraging communication scene, "This task has been completed very well, and I wish you greater achievements in the future!" The functional communication feature here also has a distinctive communication feature "like". In a word, communicative intention determines the way of communication and its expression.

Third, the classification of Chinese and German wishes.

Wishing words with different contents, semantics and emotional colors are suitable for different occasions and objects, but some wishing words are only suitable for specific occasions and objects although their semantics are similar or even the same. There are many communication occasions in life, which can be divided into general communication occasions and special communication occasions. The commonness of general communication situations is that communication situations usually have no fixed time and place and occur relatively frequently in life; The "special" of special communication situations is that communication situations usually have a fixed time and place, and the frequency of their appearance in life is relatively low. According to this standard, general communication occasions can be subdivided into toasting, meeting, farewell, support and encouragement. And special communication situations can include birthdays, weddings, holidays, festivals, visiting patients, etc. The following plan analyzes the expression of Sino-German wishes from nine aspects.

1. General communication situation

(1) Dining and baking bread

China table language is "cheers!" "Go ... cheers!" Wait a minute.

German table language has "good appetite! Hungry! /Wohl zu speisen！ (I wish you/your appetite) ",said in the toast:" Wohl bekomm? s！ /Zum Wohl！ / Zum Wohlsein！ /Auf Ihr Wohl！ /Auf Ihre Gesundheit！ / Prosit！ (for your health/for your health) "and so on.

The forms of expressing wishes in Chinese and German are similar, but the common verb-predicate sentences in Chinese are omitted, such as "cheers!" Preposition phrases and noun phrases are commonly used in German, such as "Zum Wohl!" Noun phrases such as "Have a good appetite!" .

(2) Meeting

In Chinese, some greetings for daily meeting also contain elements of wishes, which can be included in wishes. For example, people in China like to say "Hello!" "Good morning!" "Good evening!" Wait a minute.

In Germany, people usually say "Guten Morgen" when they meet every day! "Guten Label (Hello/Hello)!" "Good evening, good evening!" , and then add a title, such as "sir/madam" ... If you just pass by and don't want to talk, you don't need to add a title at the back. These three wishes are not limited by region, age, occupation and style. You can also leave out the "guten" in front and just say "Morgen!" , "Label!" 、“Abend！” This is relatively simple and is generally used between acquaintances. The southerners in Germany said, "Grü? Jesus Christ. /Grü？ Dick. /Gott Grü？ Dick. /Gott zum Gro？ (Hello)! " . Nowadays, due to the expansion of communication, people often greet each other in this way outside southern Germany. "Tagchen" is the abbreviation of the word "tag". In Hanover, people like this greeting when they meet at any time of the day. “Gesegnete Mahlzeit！ "Hello" and its simplified form "Mahlzeit!" "Hello" was originally a greeting used by Christians at lunch. Now, its meaning has changed. Generally, it is used as a greeting at 12 between noon and 3 pm, and it is used by people of all occupations and social classes. In addition, the former East Germans will say "Freundschaft (hello, meaning friendship)! "However, since the reunification of Germany, this usage has rarely been used again. It can be seen that greetings also develop with the development of society, and some do not meet the requirements of society and will be eliminated.

Whether in Chinese or German, the greetings when meeting tend to use ellipsis. The geographical structure of language is one of the factors that affect the communication process. The regional differences of daily life greetings in Germany are obvious, reflecting the traditional religious culture.

(3) farewell

In China, when others leave, they often say many wishes. When they say goodbye to those who will travel far away, they often say "Have a nice trip!" "Bon voyage!" "Take care!" Wait, we often use "Go away!" when we meet and say hello or get off work every day. "Take care!" Wait a minute. In China's farewell speech, there is also an unwritten rule that people who leave by plane should not say "bon voyage!" If this sentence is said, it will be considered as a symbol of bad luck, because the plane flying downwind is likely to have an accident.

In German, "Gute Reise" refers to people who have been far away! "I wish you a pleasant journey!" "Hello!" ; Say "Gute Fahrt" to people who use transportation! Or "Guten Rutsch!" Wait a minute. When you meet and say hello or get off work every day, you often say "Sch? Nen Feierabend (happy after work)! " 、“Sch？ Nes Wochenende (Happy weekend)! " "Come on, you go!" . Say good night, say "good night!" "Good night!" "Angnehmeruhe (good night)!" 、“Tr？ How was school? Nes (good dream)! " You must say "good night!" Wait a minute. Some religious wishes are hard to find today, such as "Geh mit Gott! /Gott mit dir！ /Mit Gott！ (God be with you) ","Bemüht dich Gott! /Gott beühte dich！ /Gott segne dich！ /Gott befohlen (God bless you)! " Wait a minute. These greetings come from Bavaria, southern Germany, and are now only used by some elderly people.

It can be seen that the farewell wishes of China and Germany always appear in the form of ellipsis. The difference is that Chinese is generally omitted by four-character idioms, phrases or verb-predicate sentences, such as the four-character idiom "Bon voyage!" The verb-predicate sentence omits "Have a nice trip!" . German uses noun phrases, such as "Gute Reise!" 、“Sch？ nes Wochenende！” Wait a minute.

(4) Support and encouragement

China's expressions of support and encouragement have spread over more than 5,000 years of civilization, with very profound accumulation and rich content. For example, I wish you success, Pengcheng Wan Li, a success,No. 1, all the best, all the best, smooth sailing, congratulations on making a fortune, successful in my official career, taking a step up, prosperous business, prosperous business.

In German, there are many such wishes, such as "Viel Glück! /Viel Erfolg！ /Alles Gute！ All the best/I wish you success! " All love and courage! /Is everything here? ne！ /Gutes Gelingen (all the best)! ""I'm your daughter! " , "toi, toi, Toi" (smooth, smooth, smooth/successful, successful, successful)! “，”Hals- und Beinbruch！ "Wait a minute. In addition, there is "Halt die Ohren steif! /Halt dich aufrecht/senkrecht (good luck)! ".Originated in central Germany, there are" Mach? Skut (good luck)! In addition, there is a unique phenomenon, that is, some greetings are only applicable to specific objects, which are quite jargon-like and have similar semantics, all of which mean "I wish you success and good luck". Let me give you a few examples, such as:

Gluck auf! The miners wished them a safe trip down the well and a smooth return.

Gluck ab! (I wish the pilot a safe landing)

Hooray! (I wish skiers safety and success)

Weidemann Hill! (I wish the hunter a smooth start and come home with a full load)

Long live Petrie. (Good luck to the fisherman)

Gut Na？ ! (I wish the swimmers peace and happiness)

Gut Holz！ (Good luck to the groundthrower)

Hipp hipp, live forever! (Rowers wish each other success)

Hand supports the desire for encouragement and prefers to use ellipsis. Chinese is still dominated by four-character idioms and four-character proverbs, which inherit traditional culture, are rich and colorful, and have far-reaching influence. German greeting forms are also rich and colorful. In addition, some industries have unique greetings of support and encouragement, which are rare in Chinese.

2. Special communication occasions

(1) birthday

The age and identity of the speaker are one of the factors that affect the communication process. Therefore, traditional greetings vary with age and seniority. In China, there has always been a folk custom of celebrating the birthday of the elderly, while for children, there is a tradition of drawing lots at the age of one. After liberation, those words and deeds that did not conform to the socialist spiritual civilization and the wishes with feudal superstition disappeared, and some wishes with strong folk colors were also abandoned as the four modernizations. After the reform and opening up, with the adjustment of national policies and the improvement of people's living standards, social greetings have also undergone unprecedented changes, and many greetings that were no longer used during the Cultural Revolution reappeared. For example, the younger generation wishes the elderly a happy birthday, with words such as "Long life and health", "Longevity is better than the South Mountain", "Good luck" and so on, while the adults wish their children a happy birthday with words such as "Long life" and "Life is safe".

German birthday greetings are not as colorful as those in China, and there is no age limit. No matter who it is, people usually say "Herzlich Glückwunsch! / Herzliche Glückwünsche！ /Herzliche Congratulations to zum Geburtstag! (Happy birthday) ","Alles Gute zum Geburtstag! (Happy birthday) "and so on.

In Chinese and German birthday greetings, the cultural characteristics are obvious, and four-character idioms and four-character proverbs are usually used, which are deeply influenced by traditional culture and are a microcosm of German culture, while German is very direct and straightforward to express congratulations. & ltBR & gt

(2) get married

There is an old saying in China, that is, "It's time to be the number one scholar when you meet an old friend in another country after a long drought.". This is the four happy events in life. It can be seen that marriage plays an important role in the journey of life, and there are many such wishes, such as "tie the knot", "grow old together", "love is perfect", "soul mate", "get along for a hundred years" and "respect each other as guests" and so on.

In Germany, the expressions of congratulations on engagement and marriage are not as colorful as those in China, and the traditional meanings are profound, but relatively simple, such as "ich gratuliere/wü nsche ihnen zurverlubong/zurochzeit"! “Gratuliere！” Wait a minute.

China and Germany have very different marriage wishes. Four-character idioms and proverbs are often used in Chinese. Their contents are influenced by Confucianism (such as "many children and many blessings") and folk customs, which have far-reaching influence and give consideration to phonological effects. In German, it means practical, simple and authentic congratulations.

(3) Vacation

People in China often say, "Have a nice trip!" "Have a nice holiday!" Wait a minute.

Germans especially like traveling. They will say, "Sch &；; Oum l； Nen Urlaub (Happy Holidays)! " 、“Viel Spa？ ! /Viel verg nugen (have fun)! " Wait a minute.

Chinese and German holiday greetings are similar in form, with subject-predicate phrases in Chinese and noun phrases in German.

(4) festivals

During festivals, there are many greetings from China and the West. In China, the Spring Festival is the most important festival in a year, so there are many greetings on this festival. They are good at using four-character idioms or phrases. Such as "Happy New Year", "Happy New Year", "Long life", "Peace through the years", "Congratulations on making a fortune", "Rich in financial resources" and "Forever happiness". In addition, influenced by thousands of years of traditional folk customs, there are many Chinese New Year greetings! "The zodiac are relatives. For example, the Year of the Loong wished a happy New Year, said "Good luck to the Year of the Loong", and wished "success at once" in the Year of the Horse.

In Germany, the most important festivals are Christmas and New Year, and there are many words of blessing, such as "Ich" or the phrase "Fr? hliche Weihnachten！ / Gesegnete Weihnachten！ / Frohes Weihnachtsfest！ (Merry Christmas) ","Glückliches Neujahr! / Prosit Neujahr！ / Frohes neues Jahr！ /with Allen besten wünschen füs new Jahr! /Guten Rutscheins Neue Jahr (Happy New Year)! " Wait a minute. Most festivals in Germany are related to religion. Besides Christmas, there are Easter, Pentecost and so on. On Easter, people will wish each other "Frohe Ostern! / Ein fr？ Hliches Osterfest。 (Happy Easter)! " . Ordinary festivals say "Frohes Fest!" .

Chinese and German holiday greetings often take the form of ellipsis. Chinese especially likes to use four-character idioms or four-character proverbs, such as "Congratulations on the New Year", while German sometimes uses noun phrases and prepositional phrases as complements, such as "Guten Rutsch ins neue Jahr".

(5) Visiting patients

In China, when visiting patients, you usually say "Take more rest!" "Take good care of your illness!" "I wish you a speedy recovery!" Wait a minute.

In Germany, it is customary to say "Gute Besserung" when visiting patients! "Bardic Bethany!" .

In addition, "Gesundheit" and "Zum Wohl" are commonly used in German, meaning to wish you health, but their communication occasions are customary polite expressions used by others when sneezing; But in Chinese language habits, people usually say "someone misses you", "someone says you" and "who is thinking about you". These words do not belong to the category of wishes, they reflect the cultural differences between Chinese and German people.

Chinese and German visiting wishes also use ellipsis, but their expressions are different. In Chinese, verb-predicate sentences are generally used in ellipsis sentences or concurrent sentences, such as "I wish you a speedy recovery!" Euphemism in informal situations, such as "take good care of your illness!" German uses noun phrases, which is more direct.

Language structure, such as written language and spoken language, is also one of the factors that affect the communication process. No matter what kind of communication occasions, wishes reflect this. Wishing words such as "Happy New Year", "Rong 'an", "Ji Kang", "Shang Qi" and "Sincere Salute" are generally used in written languages such as letters and faxes. Moreover, written language generally uses relatively complete forms, including verbs such as "Zhu ……" and the beginning of "Congratulations …". For example, "I wish you good grades in the exam!" Simple ellipsis, such as a phrase or a word, is often used in face-to-face or telephone conversations.

Fourthly, the comparison between Chinese and German greetings.

Comparison of syntactic structures of 1.

As can be seen from the above classification, there are similarities and obvious differences in the syntax between Chinese and German wishes. Whether in German or Chinese, many sentences expressing wishes often have a set of fixed or relatively stable words and collocations. These are all practices.

Verbs such as "wish", "blessing", "congratulations", "wish" and "wish" are usually used in Chinese greetings, and whole sentences are often used in written language and formal occasions. For example, "I wish you a happy birthday on behalf of all my colleagues: success at once!" " Syntactically, this is a compound sentence. In daily life, especially between relatives and friends, verb-predicate sentences that omit the subject or object are widely used as "Happy birthday to you: success at once!" Or "Happy birthday: immediate success!" . You can further omit the verb and simply say "Happy birthday: immediate success!" " It becomes a subject-predicate phrase or phrase, which is often used in both written and spoken languages, especially four-character idioms, four-character phrases or four-character proverbs.

German greetings are also commonly used in formal occasions and written language of complete sentences. Such as "ich wü nsche dir ein glü ckliches neujahr (Happy New Year to you)!" . In spoken language, ellipsis, that is, noun phrases modified by adjectives, is frequently used, such as "Glückliches Neujahr"! Sometimes noun phrases are followed by prepositional modifiers, such as "Alles Gute zum Geburtstag! (Happy birthday) ". In addition, prepositional phrases are also commonly used, such as "Mit Allen Besten W ü nschen F ü r Das Neue Jahr"! There are also verb-predicate sentences that omit the subject, such as "Grü? Gott (hello)! " .

From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the wishes of Chinese and German are usually complete sentences in written language, and ellipsis sentences tend to be used in spoken language. However, with the improvement of social informatization and the acceleration of life rhythm, language expression tends to be concise and lively, so even some written languages often use ellipsis. Both Chinese and German have verb-predicate sentences that omit the subject. However, there are few noun phrases and prepositional phrases commonly used in German in Chinese, and there are no four-character idioms and four-character proverbs unique to Chinese in German.

2. Comparison of cultural background and tradition

Wishing words are wishes for things that have not happened, reflecting people's yearning and pursuit of beautiful things. China people have always said that they are blessed, generous, long-lived, happy, rich (or long-lived, rich, expensive, healthy and peaceful) and "Five Blessingg". "Fu Lushou on earth, three lucky stars in the sky". For thousands of years, people in China have always regarded happiness, auspiciousness and longevity as the symbols of happiness, auspiciousness and longevity in communication etiquette and daily life. Blessing words can not be separated from the theme of happiness, health, harmony and prosperity, which has been the ideal pursued by ordinary people for thousands of years. Therefore, the content of Chinese greetings is naturally related to "Five Blessingg". For example, lucky stars shine high, five blessings and Five Blessingg are partial to treasures, live a long life, have a healthy family, rise steadily, get rich, prosper, prosper, turn good luck into good luck, and succeed in adversity.

In addition, it also contains feudal patriarchal ideology and Confucianism. For example, many children are blessed, a hundred children are flowered, children are full, five children are admitted to the subject, Kirin gives birth to children, and your son is born early, all of which are deeply influenced by the feudal patriarchal concept of early birth and early childbearing, and many children are blessed and carry on the family line. At present, China implements the family planning policy and advocates late marriage and late childbirth. These old ideas are out of date, so this wish is rarely said now. Kong Ziyun: "Those who speak near and far will speak well." When expressing wishes, people also follow this principle, such as "Longevity is better than Nanshan", "Going up a storey still higher", "Pengcheng Wan Li" and "Sesame blossoms? Climb higher and higher and so on. Instead of expressing wishes directly, it indirectly achieves a rhetorical effect and a communicative purpose through metaphor and symbol.

Respecting the old and loving the young, being loyal, obedient and virtuous are also part of Confucianism, and some wishes also reflect this idea. For example, there are many words dedicated to blessing the elderly on specific occasions, such as "Happiness is like the East China Sea, Longevity is Longer than the South Mountain", "Longevity of Crane", "Longevity of Crane", "Prosperity of the Sun and Moon", "Yonghui of Pine and cypress", "Many blessings for life", "Longevity of Deshuo" and "Pengdao Changchun". In the past, wedding congratulations were "singing with women" and "quoting Qi Mei", but now few people say it.

Chinese vocabulary is gradually enriched and accumulated in the long historical development process. In the process of its formation and development, it was influenced by many external factors, among which Indian Buddhist culture should be the most influential. Buddhism was introduced into China in the Han Dynasty. After hundreds of years of dissemination and development, China's Taoism and metaphysics are combined with the world view of Indian Mahayana Buddhism, and Confucian ethics of good and evil and moral preaching are absorbed as the most popular and acceptable preaching in Buddhism. Buddhism has become a part of China culture. Some greetings even have the influence of Buddhist culture. For example, "soul mate" comes from Zen. Tang Peixiu's "Guifeng Dinghui Zen Master Monument": "Heart to heart, print to print." It originally refers to the consciousness of scholars, which should be sealed by ancestors, and also refers to the lineage of Zen. This means that you can get to know each other without saying anything, and describe that your thoughts and feelings are exactly the same. !

German greetings are deeply influenced by Christian culture. Throughout German history, the development of religious history is like the essence, which runs through the whole German history. Many major historical events are directly related to Christianity. From the origin of German culture, Clovis, the pagan king of the Frankish kingdom, converted to Roman Catholicism in order to safeguard his ruling interests, to the Crusades, from Martin? From Luther's religious reform to the Enlightenment, which one is not inextricably linked with religion? Religion has left an indelible mark on German politics, economy and even daily life. For example, the greeting "Fr? Hliches Weihnachten (Merry Christmas)! " 、“Fr？ Hliche Fastnacht！” 、“Fr？ Hliches Ostern (Happy Easter)! " "Frohe Himmelfahrt (Happy Jesus ascensiontide)!" Frois Pfingsten!' "Happy Eucharist!" 、“Grü？ Gott / Gott grü？ dich / Gott zum Gru？ (Hello)! " "Mahzet (hello)!" Wait, wait, wait It's just that some usages are hardly used now, such as "Geh mit Gott! /Gott mit dir！ /Mit Gott！ (God be with you) ","Bemüht dich Gott! /Gott beühte dich！ /Gott segne dich！ /Gott befohlen (God bless you)! " Wait a minute.

The nationality of German culture itself is the root of greetings, which is characterized by respecting women and paying attention to loyalty, reputation, honor and courage. Coupled with the influence of medieval knight culture, modern Germans attach great importance to the principle of "ladies first" in daily communication etiquette, which is sometimes reflected in their wishes, such as "ich wü nsche ihrer frauund ihnen einensch? Nen Urlaub (Happy holidays to you and your wife)! " This sentence is generally used in written language. From this sentence and its Chinese translation, we can see that in German sentences, women rank before their husbands, while in Chinese, the opposite is true. Express greetings that value fame, honor and courage. For example, in spoken English, people often say Viel Erfolg (I wish you success)! “，”Hals- und Beinbruch！ ","Mach? Skut (good luck)! "And so on, all achieve the effect of desire and encouragement through the form of desire, with a view to the other party finally gaining personal honor and prestige.

German culture emphasizes individualism and the realization of self-worth, which is just the opposite of the Confucian thought that Han people pay attention to group harmony, belittle themselves and respect others. Communication is a two-way process, and wishes always have answers. From the answers to wishes, we can also get a glimpse of different cultural backgrounds. For example, Germans always thank each other and say "thank you!" When answering wishes. Then politely bless each other, which has become a basic principle in daily communication etiquette; On the other hand, China people sometimes bring some words of self-modesty, such as "I wish you well", "I thank you" and "I flatter you", and then wish each other well.

Germans' greetings to the elderly are also very different from those in China. China has advocated loyalty and filial piety since ancient times, in which filial piety is the foundation and the highest expression. In modern society, we still advocate respecting the old and loving the young. There are many such wishes, but there are few related expressions in German. There are few wishes specifically related to the elderly, mainly wishing good health, such as "Gesundheit und ein langes Leben!" .

Chinese and German wishing language is a folk language phenomenon, which has similarities and differences in vocabulary, syntax and cultural background, and their different cultural backgrounds and traditions are the key to the differences. In the process of cross-cultural communication, in order to achieve the effectiveness of communication and avoid communication failure, we must take into account the different cultural backgrounds of both parties and try our best to describe the cognitive experience of different cultures. Explanation-> The process of "evaluation" should also be the same for cross-cultural desire communication. In today's era of great cultural integration in the world, becoming a "third cultural person" or a "cross-cultural person" and holding an understanding and tolerant attitude towards the cultures of other ethnic groups, so perhaps the so-called Weltdorf without borders between ethnic groups can really be realized one day?