What are the advantages and disadvantages of hanging bag auricularia auricula and ground planting auricularia auricula?

Hanging bag auricularia auricula occupies a small area. Large capacity per unit area. But there are some difficulties in management and moisturizing. \x0d\ The ground planted auricularia auricula has a large area. The capacity is not as much as that of bagged fungus. But it is easier to moisturize. Convenient management. \x0d\ How to grow auricularia auricula \x0d\ 1. Preparation before production \x0d\ Ground planting Auricularia auricula production has the characteristics of "one year production, two years preparation", and all kinds of raw materials and production tools should be prepared in advance. \x0d\ 1。 According to the output, buy a proper amount of sawdust, wheat bran and other raw materials in advance and store them in a rain-proof and ventilated place to prevent pollution and mildew. \x0d\2。 The general conditions of a culture room are: (1) the suitable temperature for mycelium development, with heating equipment in winter and ventilation equipment in summer. ② Indoor air should be dry and the relative humidity should be kept below 60%. If the humidity is too high, it is easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria. ③ Keep the room dark and avoid direct sunlight on the culture rack. (4) Indoor walls and floors should be smooth, indoor air should be kept clean, and ventilation openings should be provided. \x0d\3。 Seed selection: ① As a first-class strain, test-tube bacteria with strong wall climbing ability, white hyphae, uniform growth, strong vitality, non-shrinking culture medium, fruiting hyphae, non-degradation, no spots and no pollution should be selected as production strains. ② The second kind of bacteria should be transparent glass bottles with good senses, with no cracks in the bottle body, tight cotton bag, no water in the bottle, no shrinkage of the bottle cap, no pollution, suitable age, generally no more than 4 months, good integrity, elasticity, many fragments, no looseness, fragrant hyphae, and no peculiar smell or sour bread smell in the bacterial slices. Secondary bacteria with white hyphae are used as strains for expanding production. \x0d\4。 Selection of bottles and materials for secondary bacteria: ① Colorless glass bottles or polypropylene bags of 15x30 should be selected for the production of secondary bacteria. (2) The raw materials of secondary bacteria should be hard and miscellaneous fresh sawdust mainly composed of shrubs, oak, birch and colored wood, and there should be no impurities, pollution and mildew. Accessory wheat bran must be fresh, non-deteriorating, non-caking, pollution-free and preservative-free. White sugar can be ordinary white sugar, and gypsum cannot be caked and deteriorated. You can also choose corn, wheat and other grain strains. \x0d\5。 Selection of bags and materials for tertiary bacteria: ① Selection of bags: bags for tertiary bacteria production must be genuine bags with the same specifications. No matter what kind of bag, the bottom mouth should be airtight and breathable, which can withstand high temperature and high pressure. Our bureau generally uses bacterial bags from Xia Qing, Qingshou, Beiqing and other manufacturers. (2) Material selection: hard and miscellaneous fresh sawdust mainly made of oak and colored birch is used as the production material. Rice chaff should be new chaff of that year, and old chaff with pollution, mildew, caking and preservatives should not be used instead. It is best to mix coarse bran and fine bran together. Is the bean flour crushed now, or use douban powder, the finer the better. It is best that the white ash is not soaked, caked or fine white. The covering can be made of cotton or cotton-free covering. \x0d\ II。 Production equipment \x0d\ The main equipment for producing auricularia auricula includes culture room, sterilization pot, inoculation room, inoculation box, bagging machine, inoculation tools, sterile ultra-clean table, infrared lamp, ultraviolet lamp, etc. \x0d\ 1。 Culture room: multi-purpose brick structure, and temporary fermentation room can also be built with plastic film in summer. The breeding room must be strong, with good fire prevention measures, away from chicken factories, soy sauce factories, farms and polluting chemical plants. The room should be clean and sealed to facilitate disinfection and sterilization. There are ventilation holes, which can not only keep indoor fresh air circulating, but also play a role in cooling down. \x0d\2。 Sterilization pot: Sterilization pot can be divided into atmospheric sterilization pot and autoclave. ① Atmospheric sterilizer: At present, most employees of our company use self-built soil steamer, which is low in cost and convenient to obtain materials. The size of the steamer can be determined according to your own production. Precautions: Brick pots must be strong and crack-proof, so as to ensure the tightness of the pots. Need to install a thermometer, with water inlet and outlet pipes. ② Autoclave: Before use, check whether the pressure gauge, bleeder valve, safety valve and rubber ring are normal. \x0d\ The following points should be noted during autoclaving: ① The cold air in the sterilizer must be exhausted. ② Do not put the fungus bags in the sterilization pot too close to prevent the temperature "dead corner" from being formed and complete sterilization cannot be achieved. (3) After sterilization, it should be cooled naturally. When the pressure drops to 0, open the exhaust valve to avoid the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the bag and break the plastic bag during decompression. (4) During disinfection, the cotton plug should be covered with high-temperature resistant plastic cloth to prevent the condensed water on the pot from flowing to the cotton plug. At the end of sterilization, the door of the pot should be opened in advance to allow the residual heat in the pot to dry the cotton plug on the bag. ⑤ The plastic bag should be made of polypropylene, otherwise it will break. \x0d\ How to arrange the cultivation season of auricularia auricula \x0d\ Auricularia auricula has strong seasonality, and the output of spring and autumn can be arranged in one year. In the arrangement of production and operation, it is necessary to grab early spring crops and timely autumn crops. \x0d\ To cultivate Auricularia auricula, first cultivate the fungus bag for 40-60 days, and then turn to the heading stage for 50-60 days. Therefore, when arranging the season, we should give consideration to two aspects, the optimum temperature and the forbidden range during the cultivation of fungus bags, stagger the rainy days, avoid the high temperature period, and avoid the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria and the flow of ears caused by high temperature and high humidity. \x0d\ Auricularia auricula production season is the key technology to obtain high yield and high quality of Auricularia auricula, and many growers have reduced production due to production season mistakes, so we must attach great importance to it. The lower the temperature of auricularia auricula mycelium, the slower the growth rate, but the stronger the mycelium, the stronger the disease resistance to thick white. Auricularia auricula is black in color, with high drying rate of its inner thickness and good quality. Therefore, in the cultivation season of auricularia auricula, it is necessary to grasp the natural temperature and arrange the inoculation period and heading period. That is to say, the time when Auricularia auricula leaves the ground is early May, and the countdown is 60-80 days for the production period of tertiary bacteria. \x0d\ In order to avoid ear rot under high temperature or infection by miscellaneous bacteria under high temperature and high humidity, the first crop in Jilin area should be harvested in mid-June, and auricularia auricula should be harvested in early July. Auricularia auricula has high commercial value. \x0d\ Auricularia auricula can produce third-grade bacteria in May, buried in the soil in mid-August, and picked the first Auricularia auricula at the end of September. \x0d\ III。 Production technology \x0d\ At present, few growers in our bureau produce first-class strains, mainly by introducing them from outside. Therefore, this paper mainly introduces the production of secondary strains. \x0d\ The selection of secondary strains has been introduced before, but the following matters should be paid attention to in the production process: \x0d\① The moisture content of ingredients must be controlled accurately, neither too large nor too small, and the bottling should be moderate, so as not to make it difficult to inoculate because it is too full, or the cotton plug can not survive when it comes into contact with the strains, and the infection rate is high and the vaccine survival rate is low in a room with small ventilation. Before sterilization, the grain strain should be boiled in water until it is mature without white heart or small white heart, but it will not break the bag, and the cotton plug should be wiped when bottling. \x0d\② Sterilization should be thorough. Normal pressure sterilization must be kept at100℃ for more than 6 hours. When inoculating bacteria, it should be thoroughly cooled to avoid scalding bacteria, and the inoculation room and inoculation box must be kept sterile. \x0d\③ Generally, 500ml of test-tube strains with the size of 20×200mm can be packed in 6- 10 bottles, not too much, so as to avoid low survival rate and bacteria wetting. \x0d\④ Fermentation temperature: The temperature of the secondary bacteria fermentation chamber should be controlled at 24-28℃ to avoid long-term low temperature or long-term high temperature growth, and the whole bottle can grow in 30-50 days. At this time, if the tertiary bacteria are not produced, the secondary bacteria can be stored indoors in a clean, dry and dark environment at a temperature of 0℃- 10℃. \x0d\ cultivation package making \x0d\ 1. Medium formula: according to local resources and actual situation, hardwood sawdust is the main medium. Our common formula is: ① sawdust 86.5%, wheat bran 10%, bean cake powder 2%, quicklime 0.5% and gypsum powder 65438+. ② sawdust 78%, rice bran 18.5%, bean flour 2%, lime 0.5% and gypsum powder 1%. \x0d\2。 Preparation of culture medium: Weighing all kinds of raw materials according to the formula ratio, first crushing and mixing gypsum and lime, then uniformly mixing with bean cake powder, wheat bran or rice bran, and finally mixing with sawdust. After mixing evenly, add water according to the ratio of 1: 1.2, stir for 2-3 times, and then stew for 0.5-60. \x0d\3。 Bagging sterilization: at present, mechanical bagging is adopted, and high-quality bacterial bags should be selected. Bagging should be tight and loose, with smooth surface and no loose materials. The bag surface height is 17- 18cm, and each bag weighs about 1. 1. ① Generally, the temperature of atmospheric pressure cooker can reach about 100- 108℃. First of all, adding fire is to raise the temperature and expel all cold air. When the temperature rises to 100℃ within 2-3 hours, time is counted and kept for 5-6 hours, and then the pot is braised 1-2 hours. ② The temperature of the pressure cooker can reach 128 hours. \x0d\4。 What is the reason why hyphae can't germinate after inoculation? \x0d\ The quality of the strain is not good, and it is destroyed by high temperature above 30 degrees in the process of culture, which makes the mycelium lose vitality. \x0d\ The water content of the culture medium is too dry, or the water content is too high \x0d\ The speed of inoculating bacteria with a shower lamp is too slow, or the third-grade bacteria bag is not dried below 28 degrees, resulting in the death of bacteria. \x0d\ The culture medium is acidic or overbased. \x0d\5。 Inoculation culture: move the sterilized culture bag into the room for cooling. When the temperature in the bag reaches about 30℃, it should be inoculated in time. The quality of inoculation is directly related to the yield and quality of auricularia auricula, and strict aseptic operation should be carried out during inoculation. ① Disinfection of inoculation room: the inoculation room was fumigated and disinfected with potassium permanganate, formaldehyde or other smoke disinfectants two days before use. (2) Move the cultivation bags to be inoculated into the inoculation room, put the original seeds and inoculation tools on the workbench, disinfect with mushroom treasure again and turn on ultraviolet rays for half an hour, and then enter the room for inoculation. ③ Generally, a bottle of secondary bacteria can be inoculated with 25-30 bags of tertiary bacteria, and the lid will be restored immediately after inoculation to ensure aseptic operation. (4) Keep the air in the culture room fresh and the environment clean, and pay attention to the firmness of the bacterial rack to avoid casualties and damage to the bacterial bag caused by collapse. Put the inoculated fungus bag outside the culture room at 25℃~ 28℃ for about a week, and cool it to 20℃~ 25℃ after the mycelium is completely covered. When the bacteria grow to 2/3, you can pick out some miscellaneous bacteria. Swap the positions of the upper, lower, inner and outer bags to make them grow evenly. Always check the indoor and bag temperature and resolutely avoid high temperature, otherwise it will directly affect the output of auricularia auricula. In the process of culture, attention should be paid to preventing early low temperature and late high temperature. \x0d\ IV。 Auricularia auricula mainly deals in high-yield technology \x0d\ (1). Select high-quality strains with strong anti-impurity ability, high yield and suitable for local climate. During the cultivation of Auricularia auricula in our bureau in recent years, it was found that "Yuhuan No.8", "Yipin Hei" and "HSBC F 1" grew well. For a long time, some workers have been too traditional in selecting strains, relying too much on certain strains, leading to strain degradation. The appearance, color, quality and nutritional components of the produced auricularia auricula have not been improved, and the product has fallen behind the requirements of the market and consumer groups, resulting in low product prices. \x0d\ (2), it is best to choose hard sawdust, fresh, pollution-free and mildew-free main and auxiliary materials. Control the yield of bacteria, and reduce the damage rate and pollution rate to the lowest point. Through investigation and analysis, one of the main reasons affecting the yield and quality of Auricularia auricula in recent years is that the dosage of mother bacteria is too small when inoculating. The small amount of mother bacteria directly leads to the phenomenon that hyphae and miscellaneous bacteria compete for culture medium at the same time. Although fermentation looks good on the surface, it obviously lacks stamina when it is put in the ground for cultivation, which means that the strain is boring. The main reason of yellow ear is that the indoor temperature is too low, or the fungus bag is frozen in the ground, or the fungus bag is not long for a long time, which increases the age of the fungus and will cause yellow ear. After drying, there is naturally no true color of auricularia auricula, which affects the price. (Normal auricularia auricula should be slightly white and fluffy mouse skin color on the outside and black on the inside). \x0d\ (3) Strictly control the temperature in the fermentation chamber to avoid long-term high-temperature or low-temperature fungus growth. Pay attention to the ventilation of the bacteria room, because the mycelium needs to breathe a lot of oxygen when growing, such as lack of oxygen will lead to slow or no growth of mycelium. The age of fermentation bacteria should not be too long, and fermentation bags should not be stored for a long time to prevent their own nutrient consumption from being too high and affecting the yield. \x0d\ The key point that Auricularia auricula belongs to mesophilic fungi must be grasped. The optimum temperature for mycelium growth is 22-30℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, the mycelium grows slowly and is easy to age. When the temperature is higher than 30℃, the mycelium grows too fast, but it is delicate and easy to decline. The optimum temperature is 20-27 degrees, which is lower than 15 degrees. \x0d\ (4) \x0d\ V-shaped mouth has the best effect in the cutting process. Its advantages are: small mouth, less contact with space, avoiding exposure and nutrient loss. Secondly, the shape of the mouth is large and small, because the auricularia auricula is inclined, so it plays the role of an umbrella when spraying water in the culture stage to avoid the direct infiltration of water into the mouth when spraying water, resulting in mixed bacteria pollution. Third, the V-shaped mouth at the tip of the triangle is very small, which just allows water to remain at the tip, which is beneficial to moisturize the ears. Fourthly, when the auricularia auricula is molded, the extra two corners of the incision are connected, and the auricularia auricula lifts the plastic film to make it naturally tilt upwards. Auricularia auricula itself sealed the bag mouth, and water could not be poured into the bag, which formed a good condition that dry mycelium was in the fungus bag and wet auricularia auricula was outside. Fifth, the mouth is small, the ears are concentrated, and the shape is beautiful. Therefore, the V-shaped opening is the most ideal. ① No fungal mycelium. ② The separation of bag materials is serious. ③ Fine hyphae. ④ Too many primordia. \x0d\ kerf angle \x0d\ kerf angle 45-55 degrees, angle residual line length 1.8-2cm, which is too long or too short, directly affects the yield. The residual line is too long, for one thing, the nutrition is dispersed, and for another, the hole is too big, the exposed area of the culture medium is large, and the external moisture can easily penetrate into the bag, which provides conditions for the infection of miscellaneous bacteria. \x0d\ notch depth: \x0d\ notch depth is the key to the size of the ear root in the morning and evening. If the incision is too shallow or not included in the culture medium, the long auricularia will be small, the nutrition of hyphae in the bag will not be sent out, and the long ear will be slow. And the root of the ear will fall off as soon as it touches the bag. The incision is too deep, the fungus forms late, the ear root is too thick, and the fungus formation period is prolonged. The depth of incision should be 0.5-0.8 cm. \x0d\ Locating notches: notches can be arranged in a zigzag pattern, and the bacterial bags with specifications of 17x33 can be opened 12- 15. \x0d\ (5), avoid high temperature exposure. In recent years, auricularia auricula cultivated in some areas of our bureau and workers' families has some phenomena, such as yellowing of fungus bags, falling off of fungus bags, slow growth of ear slices and low yield. One of the important reasons is that there is no shading measures, and the fungus bags are exposed to the scorching sun for a long time, which easily leads to hard skin on the upper part of the fungus bags, and the two fungus bags with openings on them cannot grow. It is easy to cause the fungus bag to age, the fungus bag is separated from the fungus column, and the fungus bag can not grow in time, which leads to the influence of the roots on the quality of fungus, the fungus is easy to appear, and the ear piece grows slowly. We should shorten the growth cycle of Auricularia auricula artificially, improve the picking period, and avoid the problems of high temperature in summer, excessive growth of Auricularia auricula, light weight, ugly color and no price. The specific method is: cover the fungus with straw after landing, but be careful that the straw is not too thick for the fungus bottle to see, and the thickness should be consistent. Press the rack bar to prevent it from being blown away by the wind, and avoid the phenomenon that the fungus bag is separated from the bacteria due to too strong sunlight and the bacteria age is too long to produce Huang Sui. Pull out the straw and water it on June 7-8, and it can be picked in 7- 10, which advances the picking period. Remember to pick your ears at 8-9 o'clock and don't have sex. I just want to pick it when I grow up, but it backfires. \x0d\ (6)。 Accelerating germination: 1. At present, most growers directly put the opened fungus bags into the culture room to accelerate germination, saving time and effort. Attention should be paid to the following points: ① Timely ventilation, such as poor ventilation and high indoor humidity, leads to lack of nutrition in the room and easy to cause mixed bacteria pollution. The temperature should not be too high. ② The fungus bags should not be placed too closely, and a certain distance should be kept between them. Keep the room clean and the humidity is about 60%. \x0d\2。 Another method to accelerate germination is to put the opened fungus bag directly into the germination bed, and the bed surface can be disinfected with quicklime, thiophanate-methyl and carbofuran. The fungus bags must stand upright on the bed, with a distance of one inch between them, which is conducive to ventilation when budding. Cover it with a straw curtain during the day and don't cover it at night. Pay attention to observation. If the temperature in the bed exceeds 30 degrees, water cooling should be taken in time. Some have stable and high yields. You can water the ground once in the morning and keep it for about ten days, then it can germinate. Its advantages are early germination, neatness and quickness. \x0d\3。 Ventilation and nutrition \x0d\ Ear tabs have a strong respiratory function at the long ear stage, so we should always keep the air fresh, especially in the case of high temperature and high humidity, and pay more attention to ventilation to promote the differentiation of ears and ear tabs. \x0d\ (7)。 Land selection: Auricularia auricula grows in a dark and humid environment. The land selection should avoid drought, and the flat land with good drainage and no pollution should be chosen as the production land for planting Auricularia auricula. According to the experience of some growers, in the semi-sunny and semi-shady forest, the cultivation benefit is quite good and the yield is high. It is best not to choose continuous cropping land. You can use clear and pollution-free mountain streams or direct irrigation with deep well water. \x0d\ Making the bed: According to the local practical experience and climatic conditions of planting auricularia auricula, it is better to make the bed on the ground or on the ground. After field selection and cleaning, the length and width of the ear bed can be determined according to your own needs, and drainage ditches should be dug around the bed to avoid water accumulation. After making the bed, fungicides (such as thiophanate methyl and clotrimazole) and pesticides (such as bacterial tablets) should be scattered in time before putting them in the bag. Before putting the bag, the bacteria bed can be sealed with sealing drugs to avoid grass growing and ear flowing in the later stage. In order to improve the purity of auricularia auricula, plastic film or leaves are mainly used to cover the bed in this area. The method is to spread a layer of plastic film with holes on the flat bed surface to avoid long-term accumulation of water or moss when putting bags. The disadvantage of using plastic film is that it is isolated from the gas on the ground, and fungi can only grow by rain, so their growth is slow. Make a bed with leaves: make a bed with oak leaves without mildew and pollution. The method is to spread the leaves evenly on the bed surface, and then disinfect the leaves with 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution or sprinkle quicklime to kill insects. Its advantages are no cost, the ear bag can accept ground moisture, the growth cycle is shortened, and the ear grows fast. \x0d\ (8) Separate beds: Separate beds when earplugs are all together. When separating the beds, handle them carefully and put them upside down. Put about 20-25 bags per square meter, not too many. The ideal distance should be 20 bags per square meter. The disadvantage of high density is that when the lug grows to the middle stage, two bags of lug begin to meet and stick together, which leads to no air circulation on the ground, lack of oxygen in the lug at the bottom, slow growth, serious reduction of output and easy to produce "white hair". \x0d\ (9), water spraying management: There are many kinds of growers who are not clear about water spraying and lack understanding. Different water spraying methods should be mastered in different periods: ① fruiting body differentiation period: at this time, coral-like ear buds have just formed, which are quite delicate and need both water to prevent them from rotting or falling off due to excessive water absorption and shrinking due to too little water. Spray less and spray more during this period. ② Growth period of fruiting body: At this time, the ear differentiation extends outward and the incision is completely closed, so the watering amount should be increased. If the temperature is lower than 20℃, you can spray water between 10 and 4 am. If the temperature is above 20℃, spray water in the morning and evening to avoid watering in hot weather to avoid high temperature and humidity. When the temperature is above 28℃, it is necessary to cover the awning above the bacteria bed and increase ventilation to prevent the bacteria from heating and affecting the output. \x0d\ When spraying water, it is generally necessary to master the principle of "dry, wet and wet", that is, according to the weather conditions, when watering continuously for 5-7 days, arrange drying bags for 2-3 days. After drying, the mycelium will rest and further accumulate nutrients. When it is wet, the accumulated nutrients will be released and turned into ear pieces to promote its rapid growth. \x0d\ (10) Harvesting: Mature auricularia auricula should be harvested diligently, carefully and in time to achieve the goal of high yield and high quality. The best harvest time of auricularia auricula is that auricularia auricula should be cooked for 8-9 minutes, at which time auricularia auricula is of good quality and heavy weight. The standard of auricularia auricula maturity is that the color becomes lighter, the roots of auricularia auricula become smaller from big to small, and the auricularia auricula stands upright. When Auricularia auricula is fully unfolded, the edges are folded and thinned, the roots of the ears are contracted, and pale white appears behind the ears. Spores should be harvested before ejection, and watering should be stopped before harvest. The principle of ear picking is to harvest in time, harvest more and leave less. If the ear is not well developed and has no commercial value, the next crop can be harvested. Harvest method: You can cut off the ear socket without sawdust with a blade to keep the ear tag clean, or you can hold the ear tag by hand and unscrew it at the base. Judging from the production experience in recent years, the quality of semi-dry bags of auricularia auricula is generally better. Such fungus is easy to dry, with good ear shape and high commodity price. \x0d\ ( 1 1)。 Drying: Before harvesting, set up a drying rack with a height of 0.8- 1.0m above the ground, put small poles on it, spread screens and sunshade nets on it, and ventilate up and down. In recent years, auricularia auricula growers adopt this natural lighting, ventilation and cooling drying method, which not only improves the drying quality, but also solves the problem of auricularia auricula rot in rainy days. Before drying, use scissors to cut off the culture medium at the root of auricularia auricula. When drying, the leaves must be on top and the roots must be below. Moreover, the auricularia auricula in the shape of big flowers must be torn into single pieces to dry. You can't turn it over in the middle of drying, it's first-class If it is rainy, cover the rainproof material above the clothes rack and leave a certain space for air circulation. Don't cover the ear piece directly to prevent the ear piece from being deformed by pressure, which will affect the quality of auricularia auricula.