Trade translation

The national trade protection policy is to actively intervene in the import and export of commodities, use various measures to restrict the import of commodities, protect the domestic market and domestic production, and protect commodities from foreign competition; Give domestic preferential treatment and export subsidies to encourage the expansion of exports. The protection of trade policy can be divided into:

(1) Commercialism. Mercantilism is the preparation for protecting the universally implemented trade policy during the period of European capitalist mode of production from16th century to17th century. Mercantilism represents the interests of commercial capital, and the goal it pursues is the concentration of gold and silver wealth in the country and the accumulation of capital. Early mercantilism paid attention to currency differences and advocated expanding exports and reducing imports or not, because exports could increase monetary income, while imports had to spend money. It is stipulated that businessmen must ensure that their trade gold and silver are exchanged for domestic currency or foreign currency, and foreign businessmen must use all their trade income to buy domestic goods. The export of currency and precious metals is prohibited, and all currencies are monopolized by the state. In the later period, mercantilism paid attention to trade balance, and changed from controlling the import and export of money to controlling the import and export of goods. Represents export incentives and import restrictions to ensure surplus to achieve the purpose of gold and silver currency inflows.

(2) infant industry protection policy. The policy of infant industry protection is from18th century to19th century, which is the period of free competition of capitalism, followed by protective trade policy, Germany and other capitalist countries. At that time, these countries had just begun their naive industrialization stage, and they were not competitive and could not compete with British industrial power. The governments of these countries represented the industrial interests of the bourgeoisie and adopted trade protection policies for the development of domestic industries. The main method of protection is to establish a strict protective tariff system, weaken the competitiveness of foreign goods through high tariffs, and at the same time take some measures to encourage exports and improve the competitiveness of domestic goods, so as to protect the development of domestic infant industries.

(3) Super-trade protection policy. The super-trade policy is to protect the universal protective trade policy that monopoly capitalism imposed on capitalist countries during the Second World War in the19th century. During this period, monopoly replaced free competition and became the basis of social and economic life. At the same time, various contradictions in capitalist society have been further exposed, and the competition in the world market has become extremely fierce. It can be seen that the monopoly bourgeoisie in various countries have called for trade protection policies in order to monopolize the domestic market and compete for foreign markets. However, protective trade policy in this period was obviously different from protective trade policy in the era of free competition, and it was an aggressive protective trade policy, so it was called Super protective trade policy.

The super trade protection policy has the following characteristics:

First, the object of protection is no longer a domestic infant industry, but a highly developed country or a declining monopoly industry;

B, the purpose of protecting domestic industries is no longer to cultivate the ability of free competition, but to monopolize domestic and foreign markets;

C. Protection is not only a means of tariff barriers, but also a measure to turn various restrictions into rewards.

(4) New trade protectionism. New trade protectionism is a tendency to reflect trade liberalization after World War II, which was formed in the middle of1970s. Capitalist countries have experienced two economic crises, economic recession and stagflation, with increasing employment pressure and increasingly serious market problems. Especially since the beginning of post-war trade liberalization, under the leading role of the United States, the competitiveness in the world market has been increasingly challenged by Japan and European Community countries. Since the 1970s, the trade surplus has turned into a deficit, and the gap has expanded rapidly. In this case, the United States took the lead in adopting trade protectionism, and caused other countries to follow suit, leading to the spread and expansion of new trade protectionism.

The reason why new trade protectionism is "new" is that it has a remarkable feature compared with traditional trade protectionism in terms of protection means:

First, protective measures have gradually been replaced by indirect trade restrictions from direct trade restrictions and tariff barriers in the past;

B, the policy focus has shifted from restricting imports in the past to encouraging exports, and bilateral and multilateral negotiations and coordination have become an important means to expand trade;

C. From national trade barriers to regional trade barriers, practice together within and outside the region and open up common protection.