What are the characteristics of the seven porcelain kilns in Tang Dynasty?

Six celadon kilns in Tang Dynasty: Yuezhou Kiln, Dingzhou Kiln, Wuzhou Kiln, Yue Zhouyao Kiln, Shouzhou Kiln and Hongzhou Kiln. The celadon produced by these six kilns has the best glaze color, and is called "Six Celadon Kilns in Tang Dynasty" by later generations. These six kilns producing celadon (Yuezhou Kiln, Dingzhou Kiln, Wuzhou Kiln, Yue Zhouyao Kiln, Shouzhou Kiln and Hongzhou Kiln), together with Xingzhou Kiln producing white porcelain, are called the seven kilns in the Tang Dynasty.

1, Yuezhou kiln: also known as "Yueyao". Yuezhou Kiln (Yueyao) is located in Shaoxing, Shangyu, Cixi and Yuyao in Zhejiang Province. It was the political and economic center of Yueguo in the Spring and Autumn Period. After Qin unified the world, it belonged to Huiji County and Yuezhou in Tang Dynasty, so it was called Yuezhou Kiln, or Yueyao for short. Gu Yue is not only the birthplace of China celadon, but also the birthplace of China porcelain. Yue kiln has a long history of burning porcelain. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the industrious and intelligent Yuezhou people fired mature porcelain. After the vigorous development of the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties and Five Dynasties, it never stopped in the Song Dynasty. Celadon from Yue Kiln occupies an important position in the history of China ceramics. Celadon of Yue Kiln is a treasure of ancient porcelain in China, and it has a very lofty position in the history of China ceramics development. Yue Kiln is one of the famous celadon kilns in China. Celadon of Yue Kiln is one of the oldest porcelains in China, and it is recognized as the "mother porcelain" in the world. Yue kiln has a long history of firing porcelain, from the original porcelain of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the secret porcelain of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Celadon from Yue Kiln became a royal tribute in the Tang Dynasty. Lu Guimeng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, praised the elegance and beauty of celadon from Yue Kiln with "Lulu Yue Kiln in September, Better than Thousand Peaks", giving people a clear glaze color and a cool luster. The foreign translation of Yue kiln celadon has a nice name "Xie Landong". /kloc-in the 0/8th century, celadon from China Yueyao was introduced to France, and the French upper class was deeply impressed by this exquisite porcelain, whose glaze was like a green lake. At that time, "Shepherdess" was being staged at the Paris Theatre, and the French called Yue kiln celadon under the name of "Sheldon", which showed the French people's love for Yue kiln celadon. Yue Kiln is the most famous celadon kiln system in ancient China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the earliest porcelain in China was successfully fired in Yueyao Long Kiln, which was a milestone in the history of human civilization. In the historical period of more than 1000 years, Yue Kiln has been in the leading position in porcelain production. Many porcelain kilns in the north and south of China, as well as the porcelain-making industries in South Korea and Japan, have been influenced by Yue Kiln. Yue kiln celadon is not only a tribute of the imperial court, but also a tribute of the common people. It has always been a popular daily appliance, a treasure of the royal family, and has been exported to more than 20 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, making great contributions to the progress of human civilization. In the firing history of more than 1000 years from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, Yue kiln experienced the development process of emergence, development, prosperity and decline. More than two centuries from the middle Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty were the heyday of Yue Kiln, and its production scale, technological level and product quality were in the leading position among famous kilns. Yue kiln celadon was called "secret color porcelain" in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. The exquisite craftsmanship of celadon from Yue Kiln combines the rich and plump shape, the scattered decorative patterns and the glaze color as ice and jade, and the combination and sublimation of earth and fire creates a generation of famous porcelain-the "secret color porcelain" that has never been seen before. Today, thousands of years later, we can still feel the heroic pace, free and easy expression and confident smile of the Tang people.

2. Dingzhou Kiln: Dingcheng District, Changde City, Hunan Province (and Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province), mainly firing celadon, is a famous kiln in the Tang and Five Dynasties. According to documents, Dingzhou Kiln is a famous kiln of Tang and Five Dynasties in Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province, mainly firing celadon. There is a cloud in Lu Yu's Tea Classic: "The porcelain bowls in Tudingzhou are second only to Yue Kiln, but better than Shouhong." It can be seen that the quality of celadon in Dingzhou kiln is slightly inferior to that in Yue kiln. Lu Yu likes tea and tastes its glaze color from the perspective of "browning". The porcelain of Shouzhou kiln is yellow, with purple in brown, which makes brown look black and is not suitable for making tea sets. Dingzhou celadon, however, has no such defect, and its glaze color can still be called green and moist, so it is better than that of Shouzhou and Hongzhou porcelain. Because no remains of the kiln site have been found in its territory so far, its kiln site is still a big mystery in the archaeological field.

3. Wuzhou Kiln: Located in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, it is a famous porcelain kiln outside Yueyao, Zhejiang Province. Jinhua, Zhejiang, belonged to Wuzhou in the Tang Dynasty, hence the name Wuzhou Kiln. It is one of the six largest celadon producing areas in the Tang Dynasty. First burned in the Three Kingdoms, the kiln site expanded in the Tang and Song Dynasties and became a famous celadon producing area. The porcelain produced is mainly celadon, and there are also black, brown, glazed, opaque and painted porcelain. The main products are pots, bowls, pots, dishes, water bowls, lamp holders, bottles, barns, chicken coops, wells and so on. The production is rough, the output is not high, it belongs to folk porcelain, the fetal quality is not strong, the color is dark purple or dark gray, the white cosmetic soil is used, the glaze layer is moist and soft, and the glaze color is bluish yellow with gray or purple. In the Tang dynasty, opaque glazed porcelain was made. After firing, there were milky white spots in the glaze and cracks in the glaze layer. This is the most unique and attractive place of Wuzhou celadon, so it has been prosperous until the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Wuzhou kiln porcelain has simple decoration, carved patterns and elegant style.

4. Yue Zhouyao: Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, belonged to Yuezhou in the Tang Dynasty, hence the name Yue Zhouyao. Burning began in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty and declined in the Five Dynasties. Mainly firing celadon, it is one of the six celadon producing areas in Tang Dynasty. Lu Yu in the Tang Dynasty said: "Yuezhou porcelain and Yueci are all green, and green is good for tea." From the perspective of the utensils needed for drinking tea, Lu Yu of Cha Sheng ranked Yue Zhouyao fourth, which shows that kilns played an outstanding role in the Tang Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Chengguan, Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, and is called Xiangyin Kiln. China's kiln name came from the Tang Dynasty, and Xiangyin was under the jurisdiction of Yuezhou in the Tang Dynasty, so it was called Yue Zhouyao in the Tang Dynasty. Yue Zhouyao began in the Eastern Han Dynasty and went through the Western Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, and continued until the Tang Dynasty. Yue Zhouyao's earliest fired appliances, the tire is gray, the tire quality is not fine, the glaze color is mainly turquoise, translucent, mostly open. Since the Tang Dynasty, the range has been expanded. At that time, tea sets were made of tea bowls, teapots and tea boxes. Mostly grayish white, the glaze color is still mostly turquoise, with a glass texture. Glaze. In the early Tang Dynasty, the round cake bottom of Yue Zhouyao porcelain was still very popular. Glazing began to drip from the waist down to the lower abdomen. This is a characteristic. After the middle Tang Dynasty, the round bowl with jade wall bottom became one of his masterpieces. However, in the late Tang Dynasty, Yue Zhouyao began to decline, which may be influenced by the rise of Changsha Kiln nearby.

5. Shouzhou Kiln: The kiln site is in Huainan City, Anhui Province. Huainan, Anhui Province, was named Shouzhou in the Tang Dynasty. Burning began in Sui Dynasty, flourished in Tang Dynasty and ended in late Tang Dynasty. It is one of the six largest celadon producing areas in the Tang Dynasty. The early products of Shouzhou Kiln include cans, four bottles, beans, lamps and so on. There are light blue gray glaze and blue glaze, and the fetal quality is delicate. The water absorption is low and the glaze color is green in the middle. Fired in reducing flame, the glaze layer is thin and transparent, and the lower abdomen and foot are not glazed. The peak products are bowls, plates, cups, bowls, paper strips, pillows, toys and so on. The glaze color is fired by oxidation flame, including sallow, eel yellow and yellow-green glaze. Under the glaze, the clay placenta is applied, and the glaze layer is glassy. Kiln: The carcass of Sui Dynasty was solid and heavy, and the tire color was blue-gray. In the Tang Dynasty, the carcass color was white and yellow. The glaze in Sui Dynasty was yellow-green, with glass luster and small stripes. The Tang Dynasty was dominated by yellow, and the glaze was smooth and transparent. Most of them use makeup soil, which has the phenomenon of off-glaze. In addition, black glazed porcelain is also fired, the glaze is smooth as paint, and a few of them are sauce brown. There are two kinds of products, and the fine products are white. In decoration technology, there are three kinds: printing, crosscutting and applique, and in firing method, they all adopt the method of holding beads and overlapping firing. There are burnt marks in the bowls and plates.

Its characteristics and identification essentials are as follows: (1) Sui Dynasty product 1 celadon of the sui dynasty, with hard tire quality, thick carcass and bluish gray tire color; The section is thick, with pores and iron spots of different sizes. The glaze color is yellow or green, with good luster. Generally, only half of the vessels are glazed, and the glazed surface often has a small opening. There are three ways of decoration: printing, crosscutting and applique. There are lotus petal patterns, immortal patterns, complex string patterns, wave patterns and so on. Only the grass pattern can be seen in the decal. Patterns are often formed in the form of bands or flowers. There are mainly four series of bottles, high-legged plates and small-mouthed cans. (2) The product 1 of the Tang Dynasty has a heavy carcass and a white and yellow tire color. The glaze color is mainly yellow, with smooth glaze surface, small particles and transparent glass texture on the surface. Most of them use cosmetic soil, but the combination of glaze and cosmetic soil is not firm and there is peeling phenomenon. 3. Three-legged Zhi Ding or beaded beads are used for burning, and three Zhi Ding or beaded traces are left on the inside and bottom of bowls and plates. There are bowls, lamps, cups, bowls, notes, pillows, toys, etc. Most containers are flat-bottomed, and some are slightly concave at the bottom. The edges of the bowl and lamp are cut off with a knife. The paper strip is a polygonal short stream, and the pillow is a small rectangle, both of which are typical tang style.

6. Hongzhou Kiln: Located on the west bank of Ganjiang River in Fengcheng County, Jiangxi Province. Fengcheng in Jiangxi belonged to Hongzhou in the Tang Dynasty. It began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and ended in the late Tang Dynasty. Mainly firing celadon, it is one of the six celadon producing areas in Tang Dynasty. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it has a history of about 800 years after the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the fetus developed greatly, mostly yellow-white, with a small amount of gray-white, rough but hard. Mainly burned celadon, the glaze color is generally light, bluish yellow; There are also colors such as tan and sauce purple. From the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty, it reached the peak of output in history, with rich shapes, including large bowls, pan-mouthed pots, double-lipped pots and cups. Some are imitation gold and silver utensils, some have deep tire color and makeup soil, and the glaze color is mostly brown. They all pay attention to decoration, carving flowers and patterned leaves, symmetrically arranged along the outer wall of the object, dignified and rich. Documentary records were first found in Lu Yu's Tea Classic in Tang Dynasty: "Yuezhou, Wuzhou, Yuezhou, Shouzhou, Hongzhou ... Yuezhou porcelain and Yuezhou porcelain are all green, green is beneficial to tea, and tea is white and red; China is white, Xingzhou and dark brown; Shouzhou porcelain yellow, dark brown purple; Hongzhou porcelain is brown and dark brown, so it is not suitable for making tea. " After many archaeological excavations, as far as the unearthed tea sets are concerned, all kinds of celadon cups in Hongzhou Kiln can be divided into open lips, closed lips and curled lips, including belly bulging, belly cutting and belly folding, with spiral at the joint of bottom and abdomen, or with false circle feet or jade bottom, and with decorative patterns such as heavy circle lines, heavy circle dotted lines, heavy circle water ripples, double-layer heavy circle strings, grate dotted lines and plum blossoms. Among them, the handle-folded belly cup and the double-layer double-ring belly cup are novel in design, elegant in shape, delicate in fetal quality and bright in glaze, and are used for holding tea, and the tea juice is clear. Its cup holder is disc-shaped, shallow-bellied, and the bottom is wall-shaped. A circular convex ring is formed in the center of the cup body to support the cup, which is well-made and well-designed. Fan Wenlan, a famous historian, once complained about Hongzhou Kiln: "Lu Yu's taking porcelain color as the main standard can only be regarded as a prejudice of tea drinkers."

7. Xingzhou Kiln: Xingzhou Kiln, also known as "Yao Xing", is located in Neiqiu County and Lincheng County, which belong to Xingtai City, Hebei Province. The Tang Dynasty belonged to Xingzhou, so it was called "Xing Kiln". Porcelain was fired in the Tang Dynasty, and Yao Xing is rich in white porcelain, which is the product of China Tang porcelain kiln. It is the same as the celadon produced by the famous Yue kiln in the same generation. In the Tang Dynasty, China's porcelain appeared a situation of "blue in the south and white in the north". The production of white porcelain in Yao Xing began in the Sui Dynasty and further developed after entering the Tang Dynasty. By the middle and late Tang Dynasty, it had formed its own system, and it could be equally divided with Yue kiln celadon.