What are the grape cultivation techniques?

Grape cultivation technology is a branch of horticulture, which specializes in the research and production of grapes, including all gardening work in vineyards.

Grape cultivation includes seedling raising, site selection, irrigation, fertilization, grape canopy management (English: grape canopy management), winter pruning (English: pruning), pest control, observation of fruit development and wine characteristics. And determine the harvest time.

Grape cultivation techniques mainly include pruning techniques, fertilizer and water techniques, flower and fruit techniques and pest control techniques.

Grape cultivation history

Grape cultivation originated in southern Central Asia and North Africa, including Caspian Sea, Black Sea, northern Mediterranean, South Caucasus and Mesopotamia, with a history of more than 8,000 years.

Around 1000 BC, grape cultivation began to appear in ancient Greece. With the rise of the Roman Empire, its sphere of influence expanded to Eastern Europe, North Africa, Egypt and other places. At the same time, the grape cultivation techniques of the two places spread to Italy, France and other western European countries. Because the climate along the Mediterranean coast is suitable for grape cultivation, wine grape and wine production began to flourish in this area, and then grape cultivation and other industries expanded to all parts of the world with trade, colonization and other activities.

In China, the history of grape cultivation is at least 2000 years. According to Records of the Historian, grapes are wine in Wanyi area, and China's envoys keep them for themselves. The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie at the end of Wei Dynasty also records that Emperor Wu sent Zhang Qian to Dawan and picked grapes next to the Palace Museum. But in fact, before this, the ethnic minorities living in the northwest frontier of China had already been engaged in grape cultivation. Later, with the development of economic activities, it was gradually transplanted to the mainland. Its breeding route first crossed the green ridge, introduced into southern Xinjiang, then entered Yumenguan, crossed the Hexi Corridor, crossed the Ban Long Plateau, and finally introduced into the mainland. After grapes were introduced into China, they could not survive in winter because they were originally subtropical fruit trees with poor cold tolerance and were introduced into North China and Northeast China. However, under the careful cultivation of working people in our country, we have accumulated rich cultivation experience in long-term production practice, and created a method of burying vines in pits for wintering, which ensured the safe wintering of grapes. At the same time, it also created the storage technology of grapes, which provided possible conditions for the development of grape production in the cold areas of northern China, so that grapes, a rare fruit from afar, took root and propagated in the vast land of the motherland and quickly developed into a wide variety of garden plants and fruit trees in temperate regions of China.

In the 7th century, China introduced Maru, an excellent grape variety from neighboring Uighur, and learned a new method of wine making, which further expanded the grape planting area in China. By the Tang and Song Dynasties, grape cultivation in Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan and other provinces in China was also quite extensive, with a large number, and it could also be as famous as peaches, plums and oranges. In the Ming Dynasty, in Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and other provinces in the north of China, the scale of grape cultivation was expanded, and the varieties were also increased, including four kinds of grapes, namely, dragon grass beads, horse nipples, crystal balls and purple grapes.

By the Qing Dynasty, the grape varieties planted in China had developed to 15. As can be seen from the above, the history of grape cultivation in China is quite long.

In China, in addition to imported grape varieties, there is also a native wild grape, which is called Wild Grape in Northeast and North China and Geji in South China. Up to now, most of them are in the wild and distributed in natural shrubs. They are often collected for wine making and pharmacy, and also used as important rootstocks for grafting and improving grape varieties.

At present, grapes are cultivated in five continents all over the world. Most vineyards are located between 20 ~ 52 north latitude and 30 ~ 45 south latitude, with a total cultivation area of over 7 million hectares and an annual output of over 60 million tons.

Grape morphology and characteristics

Grape plants are composed of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.

root

The root system of grape is quite developed, belonging to fleshy root, which can store a lot of organic nutrients, mainly composed of trunk root and absorption root (young root). The backbone roots are perennial dark brown, and the young roots are white or yellowish when they germinate, and then gradually lignify and turn brown.

prevent

Grapes are vines, so the stems above the ground will climb to other trees or objects and grow upwards. Grape stems are also called branches and vines, which are mainly composed of trunk, main vines, lateral vines, fruiting mother branches, new shoots or secondary shoots.

leaf

Grape leaves are simple and alternate, with long petioles and large leaves. Leaves are palm-shaped, and there are three types: trilobal, pentalobal and whole. There are many hairs on the back of young leaves. In the identification of grape varieties, it can be helped by the shape, color and quantity of leaf back hair.

Trivia, flowers, tendrils

Grape tidbits are compound spike racemes or cone-shaped tidbits, which are composed of tidbits, pedicels and flower buds. There are three kinds of grape flowers: finished flowers, female flowers and female flowers. Because the perfect flower has a normal pistil and pollination is easy, most of the grapes planted will choose the perfect flower variety.

Grape tendrils and tidbits are deformed stems and homologous organs. In the process of cultivation, tendrils are usually removed in order to reduce nutrient consumption and avoid management troubles.

Ears, fruits, seeds

Grape spike is the fruit of flowers on inflorescence, which is pollinated and fertilized. It is mainly composed of ear stalk, ear axis and fruit. The shapes of ears are conical, cylindrical and spherical. Ear size is distinguished by the length of the ear. The ear length below 10 cm is small, the ear length between 10 ~ 15 cm is medium, and the ear length above 15cm is large. Generally, the ear size and fruit planting density on the ear are related to the variety and cultivation process control.

form

The shape, size and color of grapes vary from variety to variety. Common ones are round, oblate, rectangular, oval, chicken heart-shaped, oval, inverted oval and so on. The colors of the peel are yellow, green, red, blue, black and purple. Fruit generally contains 1 ~ 4 seeds, and the development of seeds is closely related to the development of fruit. Fruits with more seeds are bigger, and fruits with fewer seeds are smaller.

Grape life cycle

The life cycle of grapes begins with seed germination, ends with adulthood and death, during which different development stages can be divided into the following four periods:

Embryonic stage, juvenile stage, fruiting stage, aging stage and death stage.

Annual cycle of grapes

In addition to the life cycle of grapes, grapes undergo periodic changes every year, especially in temperate climate, which can be divided into two periods:

Dormant period and vegetative growth period.

Grape varieties

Grape is a perennial deciduous woody vine belonging to more than 70 species of Vitaceae. At present, there are more than 10,000 grape varieties used for cultivation in the world, mainly from European species (Eurasian species), American species, East Asian species and European and American hybrids.

Generally speaking, ordinary wine grapes originated in western Europe and reached the Caspian coast of Persia. However, due to the high adaptability and occasional variation of grapes to the environment, and the continuous introduction of new environments by human beings, until today, grapes can be seen all over the world except Antarctica.

Grape cultivation techniques

Vineyard site selection

(1) The vineyard should be located in a place with convenient transportation as far as possible to facilitate the export of products.

(2) The terrain should be open and flat (the mountainous and hilly areas should be properly reconstructed), and the drainage is good. Narrow ravines and valleys are not suitable for vineyards, because of insufficient light and easy accumulation of cold air and frost.

(3) Good irrigation water source.

(4) The soil layer is thick, the soil is fertile and loose, and the water permeability and water retention are good.

(5) In windy places, it is best to choose places with natural windproof barriers (such as forests, buildings and hills) to build gardens, otherwise, shelter forests should be built.

Planning and Design of Vineyard

(1) The division of planting areas is divided into several planting areas (also called working areas) according to the aspect and slope of the terrain. The planting area should be rectangular, and the long side should be consistent with the row direction, which is beneficial to irrigation and drainage and mechanical operation.

(2) The road system determines the road grade according to the total area and terrain of the garden. The main road should run through the central part of the vineyard, with a small area and a large area, which can cross vertically and horizontally and divide the whole garden into 4, 6 and 8 areas. The branch road is located at the boundary of the operation area and is generally perpendicular to the main road. There is a working road in the working area, which is connected with the branch road. This is a temporary road, which can make use of the space between grapes. The main roads and branches are fixed roads, and the subgrade and pavement should be durable.

(3) Drainage and Irrigation System The vineyard should have a good water source guarantee, and do a good job in the three-level irrigation system of main irrigation canal, branch irrigation canal and irrigation canal (irrigation canal and irrigation canal can also be set in a small area). The elevation of each channel is designed according to the slope of five thousandths, that is, the main canal is higher than the branch irrigation canal, and the branch irrigation canal is higher than the irrigation canal, so that the water can be irrigated by itself in the channel. The drainage system is also divided into three levels: small drainage ditch, middle drainage ditch and general drainage ditch, but the height difference from small ditch to big ditch decreases gradually. Irrigation and drainage channels should be closely integrated with the road system, generally located on both sides of the road.

(4) Shelterbelt The establishment of shelterbelts in vineyards can improve the microclimate in the garden, and prevent wind, sand, frost and hail. /kloc-For vineyards over 0/00 mu, the direction of shelter forest should be perpendicular to the main wind direction, and sometimes a secondary forest belt perpendicular to the main forest belt should be set. The main forest belt consists of 4 ~ 6 rows of trees and shrubs, and the secondary forest belt consists of 2 ~ 3 rows of trees and shrubs. In areas with severe sandstorms, the distance between the main forest belts is 300 ~ 500 meters, and the distance between the secondary forest belts is 200 meters. Set 3 ~ 5 rows of boundary forests at the orchard boundary. Generally, the area of forest belt accounts for about 10% of the total orchard area.

(5) Management rooms, including offices, warehouses, living rooms and barns. , built in the center or side of the orchard, connected to the external road through the main road. Covers an area of 2% ~ 3%.

(6) Fertilizer sources In order to ensure sufficient fertilizer every year, vineyards must have sufficient fertilizer sources. Green manure bases can be set up in the park to accumulate feces for pigs, chickens, cows and sheep. The fertilizer source is designed according to the application rate of 1 10,000 kg farmyard manure per mu.

(7) Others include borders, border materials, line spacing and so on.

1 posture. Generally, the selection of racks should be determined according to the characteristics of varieties, local climate characteristics and local planting habits. Generally, scaffolding is used in the area north of the Great Wall in China, so that plants can borrow soil to keep out the cold in winter and prevent their roots from being exposed and frozen due to a large amount of accumulated soil. However, in order to obtain fast and high yield, cold-resistant rootstocks should be used as much as possible to graft seedlings and narrow the row spacing. However, hedgerows are often used in grape producing areas from the south of the Great Wall to the Yellow River valley. Single-wall fence frame is the most widely used in production, with the advantages of convenient management and good ventilation and light transmission conditions.

② Setting of plant spacing. The row spacing of grapes varies with different racks, varieties and climatic conditions. Grapes are pruned in the form of scaffolding, with row spacing ranging from 4- 10 meter. Varieties with strong growth potential and easy molding, such as longan, can adopt a large row spacing of 6 ~ 10 meter, while varieties with medium growth potential generally adopt a row spacing of 4 ~ 6 meters. The plant spacing is determined according to the number of main vines left on the shelf surface. The plant spacing of 1 plant 1 vine is about 0.5m According to the local climate conditions, the plant spacing can be slightly larger in warm and long growth areas, and slightly smaller in cold winter and short growth areas. When using hedges, wide row spacing is not conducive to improving the shelf surface and effective shelf surface per mu. In soilless or slightly buried areas, the row spacing of a single hedge should be equal to or slightly larger than the frame height, that is, between 2 and 2.5 meters. The row spacing is too narrow, and there is not enough light at the lower part of the shelf surface, which becomes an invalid shelf surface. The row spacing (generally 2.5 ~ 3 meters) should be appropriately widened in the buried area in the north, which is beneficial to borrow soil in winter to prevent cold. The suitable height of the frame is1.8 ~ 2.0m. Too high is not conducive to management operations such as pruning in summer.

(3) Scaffolding and investment required by the vineyard. The amount of frame material required varies with the frame structure. Inclined scaffolding: 60 cement columns per mu. Cement columns are generally square or rectangular, with a side length of 8 ~ 12 cm. The length of cement column is generally 2 ~ 2.5 meters. In addition, we need 30 bamboo poles, No.8 or 10 wire, and * * we need 10 lane, which is about 1 100 meters. The cost of mounting materials is around 570 yuan. One-piece horizontal scaffold: 60 cement columns per mu 10 cm square. Each acre needs 24 meters of iron bars with a diameter of 6.5 mm, 8 # iron wire 180 meters, iron wire 1 100, and the framing cost is about 480 yuan. Single-wall fence frame: 66 cement columns with a height of 2-2.5 meters per mu, and 800 meters of 8 or 10 iron wire. The cost of framing is 380 ~ 400 yuan.

Trenching and planting

Grape is a perennial vine with a long life. After planting, it needs a large amount of underground nutrients to grow and bear fruit in a fixed position for many years. The tender tissue of grape root system is fleshy, and the growing point extends downward and outward, and stops moving when encountering resistance. In order to make the root system of grapes occupy a large nutritional area in the soil and achieve deep roots and lush foliage, it is necessary to dig planting ditches before planting grapes.

(1) Generally, it is better to dig planting ditches in northern areas after autumn and before freezing. The planting ditches in mountain vineyards should be appropriately deep and wide. Generally, the depth and width are 1 m, and a trench with a depth of 0.8 m can be dug in the flat land. Pay-off first according to the row spacing, then dig trenches according to the trench width, put topsoil on one side and core soil on the other side, and then backfill. When backfilling, first fill a layer of 20 cm of organic matter at the bottom of the ditch. If the groundwater level in the plain is high, 20 cm of slag or garbage can be filled as a filter layer. Fill with a layer of topsoil, a layer of manure or a mixture of manure and topsoil. Each hectare needs 7500 kilograms of high-quality manure and 250 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer. When backfilling, it should be improved according to different soil types. If the soil is sticky, sand should be backfilled to improve the soil structure, which is beneficial to the growth and development of root system. When the backfill soil is higher than the surface 10 cm, the planting ditch is filled with water, and then the backfill soil is flush with the surface to plant seedlings.

(2) Selecting qualified seedlings requires more than 5 lateral roots with a diameter of 2 ~ 3mm. The seedlings are fully mature and lignified, with a thickness of more than 5 mm and more than 3 complete buds on them. These seedlings should be free from pests and diseases. For seedling grafting, the rootstock type should meet the requirements, and the grafting interface should be completely healed without cracks. Seedling raising period: from late March to early April in spring, it is suitable for seedling raising in Beijing, and it is suitable for seedling raising in autumn in Jiangnan area, generally from 1 1 to 65438+February. Before planting seedlings, the seedlings should be trimmed properly, the dead piles should be cut off, and the long root system should be cut off by 20 ~ 30 cm. Then soak it in clear water for 24 hours to make it fully absorb water. When planting seedlings, dig holes, spread the roots of seedlings around, don't go around the roots, cover the soil and step on it, so that the roots are closely combined with the soil. Planting depth should not be too deep or too shallow, too deep and low ground temperature, which is not conducive to slow seedling; Roots that are too shallow are easy to be exposed on the ground and dry up. Generally, the grafted seedlings should be covered with soil to the lower part of the grafting interface 1 cm, and the original rhizosphere should be flush with the planting ditch surface. Irrigate once after planting, and then cover the soil after seepage to prevent the root system from being exposed. After sowing seedlings in arid areas, they should be buried in sandy loam, and the height of soil cultivation should be more than 2 cm from the top 1 bud eye to prevent the bud eye from drying up, and then they should be watered 1 time every five days to ensure the survival of seedlings. It is best to cover with plastic film, which is beneficial to improve the ground temperature and moisture conservation and promote the growth of roots.

(3) The management technology of planting seedlings in that year is very important. When the bud eyes germinate, the grafted seedlings should be erased in time to avoid the consumption of nutrients by the growth of new buds, which will affect the germination of bud eyes and the growth of new shoots. When the seedling height is 20 cm, the branches should be fixed and thinned according to the planting density. If the plant spacing is large, two branches are generally left, otherwise 1 branch can be left. Erase redundant branches and leave strong branches without weak branches, so that nutrients can be supplied to the retained branches in a centralized way, which is beneficial to plant growth. When the seedling height is 1 m, both the main shoot and the secondary shoot should be cored. First, the secondary branches below 30 cm from the ground should be wiped off. Generally, 1 ~ 2 leaves are left on the upper secondary branch for repeated coring, and 4 ~ 5 leaves can be left on the thicker secondary branch for repeated coring control. When the length of the main tip reaches 1.5m, pick up the core again. The management of seedlings in Beijing area is good. In early September, the average plant can reach about 2 meters, and it needs the core of the main shoot for the last time. Repeated coring can promote the thickening of seedlings, lignification of branches and differentiation of flower buds. When cutting in winter, the diameter of the fully mature main vine is larger than 1cm, and the length of the main vine is generally1~1.2m. When the thickness of the secondary branch on the main branch is 0.5 cm, 1 ~ 2 buds can be left as the bearing mother branch in the next year.

(4) The key of early high-yield cultivation technology is fertilizer and water management. When the height of seedlings is 40 ~ 50 cm, topdressing should be carried out for the first time 1 time. Because the root system of the planted seedlings is very small, and the amount of nutrients used for absorption is also small, it is necessary to apply fertilizer frequently and less, and the topdressing time is 2-3 times a year and once every 20-30 days. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main topdressing in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main topdressing in the later stage. Irrigation, loosening soil and intertillage weeding should be carried out in time after topdressing. Also pay attention to insect prevention.

Seed selection and planting

Horticultural grapes should choose excellent fresh food species, such as Kyoho and Fujiminori, which have large grains and strong disease resistance. Generally, 1~2-year-old seedlings are used for grafting, and the fibrous roots are thicker.

Planting time should be after falling leaves in autumn or before germination in spring. Before planting, dig a pit according to the planting point, and the pit size is about 80cm80cm80cm. Apply decomposed organic fertilizer 10kg to each hole, mix it with excavated topsoil, fill it in the bottom of the hole, and then fill in some soil. After the root system of grape seedlings is elongated, put it on the mound in the hole, and then fill in the remaining heart soil, so that the root neck of the seedlings is exposed from the ground, gently stabilize the soil and pour water.

Grapes are light-loving fruit trees, and the courtyard where grapes are planted needs good scenic conditions. The terrain is high and it is not easy to accumulate water. Determine the planting point before planting, with a spacing of about 2m. Construction of drainage culverts to ensure no water accumulation after rain. Grapes in the courtyard generally adopt a horizontal trellis of more than 2m, which is convenient for activities and management. Grape corridor can be built on the road, and wire frame can be built on the road.

Fertilizer and water management

Fertilizer management

After the fruits are picked in autumn, base fertilizer is applied, holes with a depth of 4040cm are dug outward along the edge of the original planting holes, and organic fertilizer is applied in layers, mainly human and animal manure, manure and compost. At full fruit stage, more than 2kg organic fertilizer should be applied per 1kg fruit. Topdressing is mainly in two periods, and decomposed human excrement and urine 1 quick-acting fertilizer is applied more than ten days before flowering. Fertilizers such as plant ash or decomposed chicken manure were applied 1 time during fruit expansion.

water management

Grape growth needs a lot of water, such as several key periods from germination to flowering; After the fruit coloring period is set, water it in time when it is dry. Clear the ditch in time in rainy days to eliminate accumulated water.

Guo Hua management

In order to improve the fruit setting rate, increase the fruit size, and improve the yield and quality, artificial pollination can be used. Nail the furry rabbit skin on the board to make a pollination brush, and pull it on the grape inflorescence to help pollinate in the morning when there is no dew.

blossom and fruit thinning

For varieties such as Kyoho, thinning inflorescences, pinching accessory inflorescences, thinning flower buds and thinning young fruits can improve fruit quality. Flower thinning is completed about half a month before flowering. Pinch off one-fifth to one-third of the inflorescence end, and sparsely differentiate the inflorescence. Sparse buds 5 ~ 10 days before flowering, and gently roll the inflorescence by hand to make some buds fall off. The thinning of young fruits should be carried out after physiological fruit drop, and varieties with large fruit grains such as Kyoho can only keep about 50 grains per ear.

Fruit bagging

Generally, about 40 days after flowering, when soybeans are big, bagging is carried out to control fruit diseases and insect pests. Seven days before bagging, use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 ~ 1000 times, or 80% Sheng Da M-45 wettable powder 600 ~ 800 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 ~ 1000 times to spray insecticides and fungicides at one time. Choose bagging every morning before 10 and after 4: 00 pm to prevent high temperature from burning fruit at noon.

Plastic trimming

The horizontal scaffolding of plastic courtyard can be fan-shaped with many main vines, and the trunk height is above1m. On the surface of the trellis, a plurality of main vines are planted on the main extension vines.

summer pruning

Wipe the bud, tie the bud and remove the tendrils. Erase too many useless buds at the early stage of growth. When the new bud grows to about 30 cm, tie it with iron wire to avoid being blown off by the wind, and remove the tendrils at the same time. Picking the core and removing the subsidiary shoots about 5 days before flowering to improve the fruit setting rate. Generally, leave more than 5 leaves on the ear and pick the tender tips at the top. After coring, the secondary branches began to germinate, all the secondary branches of the ear were removed, and two leaves were left in the secondary branches of the ear before coring. After re-coring, a second sub-tip appears, and then the second sub-tip or the third sub-tip is continuously cored by the same method. The auxiliary tip at the top of the main tip can leave a few more leaves.

Winter pruning

Winter pruning should be carried out after defoliation and before February of the following year. It often bleeds after February and is not suitable for pruning. When pruning, we should choose the branches on the main vine that are full of growth, mature and free from pests and diseases as the fruiting mother branches. Results Cutting 2 ~ 4 buds from the mother branch is short branch pruning, cutting 5 ~ 7 buds is middle branch pruning, and cutting more than 8 buds is long branch pruning. The vigorous varieties such as Kyoho are often dominated by medium and long branches, and the combination of long, medium and short branches is used for pruning. Short and thick branches can be long, and slender branches can be short. Leave some short branches at the lower part of the main vine and the side vine as reserve branches to update the branches.

control of insect

First stage

Dormant period to bud germination period. During the dormant period, clean the garden and cut off dead branches and hard fruits. Clean up fallen leaves, burn or bury them deeply, and reduce the source of overwintering diseases. Spraying 1 times 3Be sulfur mixture and 0.2% ~ 0.3% silicone agricultural adjuvant during bud germination to eliminate the source of overwintering disease.

stage Ⅱ

From the growth period of new shoots to before flowering. Spraying 1: 0.5: 200 times bordeaux mixture is mainly used to control the harm of black pox and gray mold to tender leaves, shoots and inflorescences.

The third stage

After flowering to the early stage of fruit coloring. Spraying 1 ~ 2 times 3000 times methomyl solution after flowering to control the damage of grape wing moth larvae to twigs. Spraying 10 ~ 15 days alternately 1: 0.5: 200 times bordeaux solution or 1000 times 70% thiophanate methyl solution. Triazole fungicides and methoxyacrylate fungicides can also be used to prevent black pox, white rot and anthracnose. In rainy and cold weather in the early stage of growth, 25% metalaxyl solution can also be sprayed 800 times when downy mildew occurs on leaves, dimethomorph can be used to control diseases in the early stage, and 25% imidacloprid can be sprayed 2000 times before and after flowering to control leafhoppers. In the middle and late June, when the soybean is big, bagging is carried out to prevent and control fruit diseases and insect pests.

The fourth stage

Fruit coloring period to fruit maturity. Control moth larvae by artificial killing. Spray 1: 1: 200 times bordeaux mixture to control downy mildew, anthracnose, gray mold, white rot, etc.

The fifth stage

Fruit harvesting period to dormancy period. The second generation moth larvae can be sprayed with 3000 times methomyl solution. When there are more rainy days in autumn, the prevention and control of downy mildew should be focused on, and the Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed at a ratio of 1: 1: 200 times.

New techniques of grape cultivation

Xiaolong stem technology invented in recent years is also called one-sided vine fruit tree technology, or two-branch regeneration technology. After one year's results, the yield per mu can easily exceed 10000 kg, far exceeding 2 times that of other technologies. The ear is big, the grain is big, the quality is high, the color is beautiful, and the fruiting part never moves up. One person can manage 10 mu. Because of its quick effect, high yield, high efficiency, simplicity, labor saving and money saving, it has been rapidly popularized and has now become an alternative technology.

Planting method:

Plant along one side of the ridge at a spacing of 0.7 meters. The planting method is as follows.

(1) The cold-proof area is planted on one side of the big ridge in winter;

(1) The grafted seedlings are planted obliquely to the north, and the grafting interface is about 10 cm from the ground. In the future, it will not take root on the grafting interface, which is convenient for burying the soil to prevent cold. After planting, water is poured, and after the surface is dry, the mound is buried over 10 cm, and scraped off after germination.

(2) The cuttings are planted obliquely to the north, and the original distance between the Yin and Yang lines is about 10 cm below the ground level. Even if the ground freezes to death in the future, the ground can germinate. After planting, water it. After the surface is dry, continue to bury the mound 10 cm above. After germination, remove the mound.

(3) The green seedlings in the nutrition cup should be planted directly, but the green vines should not be buried, otherwise the seedlings will rot. Water after planting.

(2) Planting in the cold-proof area without covering soil in winter;

(1) The grafted seedlings are planted obliquely to the north, and the grafting interface is about 25 cm from the ground. After planting, water it. After the surface is dry, continue to bury the soil above the grafting interface 10 cm. In this way, the seedlings are planted on the big ridge, and the grafting interface is exposed after germination.

(2) The cuttings were planted obliquely to the north, and the original yin-yang line was slightly higher than the ground level. After planting, water is poured, and when the surface is dry, the soil is buried to a depth of about 25 cm, so that the seedlings can be planted on the big ridge.

(3) The green seedlings of the nutrition cup should be planted directly, but the green vines should not be buried, otherwise the seedlings will rot, and the soil will be gradually buried in the growing season, and the seedlings will also be on the big ridge.

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