Short Answer 1. Briefly describe the characteristics of traditional Chinese wood-frame architecture 2. Briefly describe the characteristics of traditional Chinese garden architecture design 3. Briefly

Short Answer 1. Briefly describe the characteristics of traditional Chinese wood-frame architecture 2. Briefly describe the characteristics of traditional Chinese garden architecture design 3. Briefly describe the characteristics of traditional Chinese residential architecture 4. Only the first one can be answered

The most important appearance feature of traditional Chinese architecture is also the wooden frame system represented by beams and columns, and the logical relationship between the inner structure of the building and the appearance image is unified and distinct. This feature in turn has a clear sense of cognition and identification on the appearance image. Traditional Chinese architecture is a wooden frame-based building system, with earth, wood, brick, tile and stone as the main building materials. The professional division of labor of building mainly includes: large wood work, small wood work, tile work, brick work, stone work, soil work, oil work, color painting work, building materials work, framing work, etc., of which the large wood as the first of the "work", dominant in the building. Chinese master craftsmen have accumulated rich technical experience in thousands of years of building process, and have unique and systematic methods or techniques in the rational selection of materials, determination of structural methods, weighing and calculation of modal dimensions, processing and production of components, processing of nodes and details, and construction and installation, as well as related taboos and operational rituals. These techniques have been passed down from generation to generation through "teaching by word and example" between masters and disciples, and have been inherited to this day.

Traditional Wooden Architecture in China

Traditional wooden architecture in China consists of large wooden members such as columns, beams, purlins, square beams, arches and so on, forming a frame structure to withstand the loads from roofs and floors, as well as wind and earthquake forces. As late as the 2nd century B.C. in the Han Dynasty, two main forms of wooden structure systems were formed, represented by the raised beam and pierced bucket type. The key technology of this wooden structure system is mortise and tenon structure, i.e., the connection between wooden members does not need auxiliary connecting parts made of other materials, but mainly relies on the insertion between two wooden members. This type of connection between members makes the wood structure with flexible structural characteristics, strong seismic resistance, and has the obvious advantages of prefabricated processing, on-site assembly, and short construction cycle. The mortise and tenon structure has been seen in the architecture of the Hemudu culture site, which is about 7,000 years old.

Characteristics of Carrying Beam Wooden Structure

The characteristic of Carrying Beam Wooden Structure is that the beams are inserted on the head of the columns, purlins are installed on the head of the beams, and the short columns are inserted on the beams to support shorter beams, and the total number of beams in each joist can be up to 5 in a row. When arches are used on the columns, the beam heads are inserted on the arches. This form of wooden structure building is characterized by the easier division of space indoors, but the material used is larger. It is widely used in residential buildings in northern China, northeast China and other northern regions, as well as in larger-scale buildings such as palaces and temples in most parts of the country.

Characteristics of Wooden Structure in Bucket-Piercing Style

The characteristics of wooden structure in bucket-piercing style are that the columns are strung together in longitudinal direction by the piercing square to form a roof frame, and the purlins are directly inserted in the head of the columns; along the direction of the purlins, the columns are strung together by the bucket square to form a whole frame. This form of wooden structure building is characterized by limited space for indoor division, but the material used is small. It is widely used in residential-type buildings in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other regions.

There is also a hybrid structure combining the lifting beam and the piercing bucket, mostly used in some of the larger halls or temple buildings in the southern region. During the Warring States period, the depth of the eaves of important buildings was large, the largest up to 4 meters, and the structural technique used was to use the arch as a cantilever beam to support the weight of the eaves. In the subsequent application of the arch, the combination of beams and columns with the "pavement (arch) layer" technology to support the roofs of large openings and large depths of hall-type buildings. In addition to single-story buildings, the same structural technology was also used in the multi-story pavilions and multi-story wooden pagodas that appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which were purely wood-frame structures. This shows the great applicability of this wood structure technology.

Development History

Traditional Chinese wood-frame buildings were gradually programmed, standardized and modularized during the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties. Marked by the emergence of the Song Dynasty's "Building Methods", a complete set of building systems including design principles, type grades, processing standards, construction specifications and other complete building systems were summarized, and the eight grades of "materials" were used as the modulus standard. This is a milestone of traditional Chinese wood frame structure construction technology. But up to this point, the development of wood structure technology does not stop, in the Yuan Dynasty appeared the "column method", boldly remove a number of columns, and curved wood for the beams and frame members; or cancel the indoor arch, so that the beams and columns directly linked; do not use the pike columns and the moon beams, and straight columns and beams, and so on. All these measures save wood, and make the wooden structure to further strengthen its integrity and stability. Even the use of arches in the building, the material is also reduced accordingly. In order to further save wood in the Ming and Qing dynasties, wood structure construction techniques and some obvious changes, since the Song and Yuan dynasties customary use of the kind of columns to the corners of the columns to form a "rise", as well as gable column columns tilted inward to form a "side foot" of the practice gradually been canceled; the arch structure function gradually degraded; the arch structure function gradually degraded; the arch structure function gradually degraded; the arch structure function gradually degraded; the arch structure function gradually degraded. Cancel; arch structural function gradually degraded or weakened, and make full use of the beam head to the outside to support the weight of the eaves has been reduced; large buildings within the eaves of the framework of the basic free of the arch of the bondage, so that the beams and columns are directly inserted; lifting the beams of architectural construction of the corner of the beams pass the construction of Shunliang, grill beams, erase the corner of the beams approach; the use of water wet bending method, so that the wood is bent into a curved purlin square for the use of small dome building (the Song Dynasty on the use); wooden members cross-section size becomes smaller, and the wood is bent into a curved purlin square for the use of small dome building (Song Dynasty). Wooden components cross-section size becomes smaller, and with a small size of short wood docking or package inlays, assembled into a tall wooden columns for the cabinet building for the use of columns; Suzhou and other south of the Yangtze River belt with round wood for the beams, multi-storey pavilion frame, etc.; folk architecture is also a general development, the creation of the level of the corresponding increase. And to the Ming Dynasty "Luban building formal" and the Qing Dynasty Ministry of Industry "engineering practices" for the emergence of the mark, the latter to eleven levels of "doukou" as a model, the formation of today's still far-reaching impact on the Song and Yuan period before the traditional wood structure construction techniques.