Chinese grammar

Sentence component analysis, also known as "head word analysis", is a sentence analysis method used in traditional grammar.

1, basic principles

Sentence analysis is to analyze the sentence components of a sentence (single sentence).

There are six kinds of sentence components-subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement.

② There is a corresponding relationship between words and sentence components, and only joint phrases and subject-predicate phrases can directly act as sentence components.

③ Subject and predicate are the main components, object and complement are the secondary components, and attribute and adverbial are the additional components.

Treat subject-predicate phrases as sentences, and think that sentences are always acted by subject-predicate phrases. When the subject-predicate phrase is used as a component in a sentence, it is called "clause" or "sentence pattern"; Non-subject-predicate sentences are called "unowned sentences"

(4) Find out the central word of the sentence-correcting phrase and the predicate central word of the predicate-object phrase or the predicate-complement phrase.

2. Analysis and treatment

During the analysis:

Firstly, the sentence is divided into subject part and predicate part, and the main components of the whole sentence-subject and predicate are found out;

Then look at which verb the predicate acts as, the object and complement behind it;

Find the attributive attached to the subject in the subject part and the adverbial attached to the predicate in the predicate part.

For example, it is analyzed that "in the next few decades, the earth will face a serious shortage of energy".

Step 1: Find out the main components.

In the next few decades, the earth energy we live in will face a serious shortage.

Step 2: Find out the secondary components.

In the next few decades, the earth energy we live in will face a serious shortage.

Step 3: Find out the additional ingredients.

In the next few decades, the earth's energy will face a (serious) (shortage) problem.

3. The function of sentence component analysis

(1) indicates the logical relationship between meanings.

Sentence component analysis stipulates that sentence components correspond to words and pays attention to finding the corresponding relationship between sentence components and parts of speech, so it can directly reflect the logical relationship between the meanings expressed by sentence components.

(2) Help to understand and master sentences.

Using sentence component analysis method, we can quickly analyze the trunk and branches of complex sentences, which is conducive to understanding and mastering sentences and helping to find and correct grammatical errors. The commonly used "contraction method" evolved from this method.

③ Conducive to sentence pattern induction.

Through the analysis of sentence components, the sentence patterns are clear, which is helpful to summarize the sentence pattern system of Chinese.

2) Sentence analysis method

(1) component analysis method

The Function of Sentence Component Analysis

(1) shows the law between meanings.

Sentence component analysis stipulates that sentence components correspond to words and pays attention to finding the corresponding relationship between sentence components and parts of speech, so it can directly reflect the law between the meanings expressed by sentence components.

(2) Help to understand and master sentences.

Using sentence component analysis method, we can quickly analyze the trunk and branches of complex sentences, which is conducive to understanding and mastering sentences and helping to find and correct grammatical errors. The commonly used "contraction method" evolved from this method.

③ Conducive to sentence pattern induction.

After the analysis of sentence components, the pattern of sentences is clear, which is conducive to summarizing the sentence pattern system of Chinese.

Sentence analytic hierarchy process

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a commonly used method in sentence composition analysis.

Basic analysis principle

Grammatical structure is hierarchical, and hierarchy refers to the different order in which syntactic units are combined. A large grammatical unit is a combination of small grammatical units, but it can also be a part of a larger grammatical unit. For example:

We conduct social surveys.

Analysis process | Main | _ _ _ means _ _ _ _ |

| _ Description |||| Guest _ _ |

Analytical process

First, the sentence is divided into a subject part and a predicate part. Then look at which verb the predicate acts as, as well as the object and complement behind it. Look for extra ingredients in each part. For example:

In the next few decades, the earth energy we live in will face a serious shortage.

The analysis process of AHP mainly includes two steps: the first step is to divide the structural hierarchy, and the second step is to determine the structural relationship. For example:

He went to America last year.

Analysis process | _|||| Subject-predicate relationship

||||||||| The relationship between subject and object

|||||||| The relationship between complement and declarative sentence

||||| Formal-China relationship

Graphical representation of analytic hierarchy process

The graphic representations commonly used in AHP are segmentation, combination and tree diagram.

① segmentation method

Take the phrase or sentence to be analyzed as a whole and segment it layer by layer from big to small. For example:

The success of the Olympic bid will contribute to China's reform and opening up.

Analysis process | Subject | Predicate |

| Theme | Forecast | Description |||| Object |

|||||||| Middle |

Union+union

Brief analysis diagram:

Step 1: Find out the main components.

In the next few decades, the earth energy we live in will face a serious shortage.

Step 2: Find out the additional ingredients.

In the next few decades, the earth energy we live in will face a serious shortage.

② Combination method

Combination method is to divide the phrases or sentences to be analyzed into words, and then combine them in turn from small to large. For example:

His brother is studying in Beijing.

Analysis process | Center | Introduction object | Narrative object |

|||| shape | middle |

Subject | predicate |

③ Tree diagram

The tree diagram uses vertical lines and diagonal lines to connect related structural analysis, thus showing the structural relationship within syntactic units. For example:

parsing process

/ \

Subject predicate

/ \ / \

Partially affirmative predicate object

| | | |

The heating equipment is out of order.

(2) Transformation analysis

Change analysis is an analytical method to investigate the relationship between two syntactic structures and the transformation rules by shifting, adding, deleting and replacing. Transformation analysis focuses on the external analysis of syntactic structures, and examines the connections between different syntactic structures with internal connections. For example:

First, the presidium is sitting on the stage

There is a bangzi play on the stage.

C, there is a gun on the mountain

The three examples contain the same part of speech (locative nouns+verbs+auxiliary words+nouns), the same arrangement order, and the same internal hierarchical relationship, but sentence A indicates static meaning (there is a presidium on the stage), sentence B indicates dynamic meaning (the Bangzi opera is being staged), and sentence C can indicate both static meaning (there is a gun on the mountain) and dynamic meaning (there is a gun on the mountain).

We use the transformation analysis method to analyze three sentences.

A sentence can be changed to "the presidium is sitting on the stage". A similar example is as follows:

People standing at the door-people lying on the bed at the door-people lying on the bed.

There are words on the blackboard-there are words on the blackboard and pictures on the wall-there are pictures on the wall.

Sentence B can be changed to "Bangzi Opera is playing on the stage". Similar examples are as follows:

It's raining heavily outside-there are classes in the classroom-there is a phone next door-there is a phone next door.

C sentence can be transformed according to the sentence pattern of A sentence or B sentence.

There are guns on the mountain-→ gun rack on the mountain ∨ There are guns on the mountain.

Similar examples are as follows:

Road is being built outside the courtyard wall-→ Road is being built outside the courtyard wall.

Through transformation and analysis, we not only distinguish between "the presidium is sitting on the stage", "the bangzi opera is staged on the stage" and "the gun is installed on the mountain", but also distinguish the ambiguity similar to "the gun is installed on the mountain".

(3) Semantic feature analysis

Semantic feature analysis is an analytical method to analyze and summarize the semantic features of words in the same position in the same sentence. For example:

Class a:

He gave me a Chinese painting.

The school rewarded him with three thousand yuan-the school rewarded him with three thousand yuan.

Class b:

I bought him a kilo of bananas-→ * I bought him a kilo of bananas.

I want to give him a position-→ * I want to give him a position.

Class A and Class B sentences are both serial sentences with the same internal hierarchical structure but different semantics:

Class A sentences contain two actions, but they say the same thing ("Give Chinese painting" and "Give me" are the process of Chinese painting transferring from him to me). Class B sentences also contain two actions, but they are two separate things ("I bought a catty of bananas" and "give it to him" are two separate processes).

The key to the difference between A-type sentences and B-type sentences lies in the semantic features of verbs.

The "give" and "award" in A-type sentences have the semantic features of "give" rather than "get". The verbs "buy" and "want" in class B sentences have the semantic features of "get" rather than "give".

(4) semantic orientation analysis

Semantic orientation means that one component in a syntactic structure points to another related component semantically.

Semantic orientation analysis is an analytical method to explain and illustrate a grammatical phenomenon by analyzing the semantic orientation of components in sentences.

Through semantic orientation analysis, a narrow isomorphic sentence can be divided into different semantic sentences.

For example, the semantic orientation of complement in the structure of "verb+adjective+le" is different.

Cut it all down (complement refers to the patient who was cut down, "the tree was cut down")

I'm tired of chopping (complement points to the agent of chopping, "I'm tired of chopping")

Chop quickly (the complement points to the action of "chopping" itself, "If you chop fast, you have to chop slowly")

Blunt cutting (complement refers to the tool used in "cutting", "knife is blunt")

Cut it (complement refers to the tool or patient, "the knife he cut" and "the table")

Cut pain (the complement points to the subordinate part of the patient or agent, "cut his foot hurts" and "cut his arm hurts after being busy for a long time")

The main function of semantic orientation analysis is to further explain semantics on the basis of grammatical form analysis, reveal various semantic relations between syntactic components, and divide many structures with the same form into structures with different semantics.