What is the foreign affairs movement and what is its historical status

The foreign affairs movement, also known as the late Qing self-help movement, self-improvement movement. The movement was a "self-improvement" and "wealth-seeking" campaign conducted by the foreign affairs faction from the 1860s to the 1890s to introduce Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology in order to maintain feudal rule. (The first slogan was "self-improvement", and the later slogan was "seeking wealth")

While the foreign affairs movement did not make China rich and strong for more than 30 years, it introduced advanced Western science and technology, which led to the emergence of the first modern enterprises in China, and objectively contributed to the development of national capitalism in China. Objectively, it played a role in promoting the emergence and development of national capitalism in China.

The fundamental guiding ideology was "self-improvement" and "wealth". It is categorized by the eight words "Teach from the barbarians" and "Use the Chinese body in the West". The first four words "to learn from the barbarians to control the barbarians" indicate the relationship between the foreign affairs movement and the foreign capitalist invaders, that is, to learn from the West's long skills to resist the West's path of aggression.

Historical background:

Domestic background

After the failure of the two Opium Wars and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, some of the bureaucrats of the Qing Dynasty began to realize the power of the Western ships and artillery. In order to solve the internal and external problems, to realize the rich and strong, in order to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, began to learn the Western culture and advanced technology, such a part of the people known as the foreign affairs faction. Before that, some scholars proposed to learn the advantages of the western countries to strengthen the national power, for example, Wei Yuan advocated "learning from the barbarians to control the barbarians" in the Hai Guo Tu Zhi, and Feng Gui Fen advocated "taking the Chinese ethics and famous teachings as the original, supplemented by the techniques of wealth and strength of all the other countries" in the Protest of the Duke of the School House. "

Second time, the second time, the Chinese government was not able to make a decision.

Shortly after the end of the Second Opium War, because the Qing government with territory, sovereignty and a series of economic and trade privileges to temporarily fill the stomach of foreign invaders, the domestic peasant wars have entered a low ebb, and thus presented a temporary "stable" situation, that is, the so-called "Sino-foreign peace" of "peace and harmony". The so-called "Sino-foreign peace" of the "peace". But in the Qing dynasty ruling group, some of the more clear-headed people in power, such as zeng guofan, li hongzhang, zuo zongtang, as well as in the center of the power in the prince kong, and so on, and did not because of the emergence of this "peace" and reduce their sense of crisis of the rule of the Qing government. Zeng, Li, left all for the elimination of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and establish a special honor, they in the use of foreign invaders on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom "China and Yang will eliminate", saw the foreign invaders of the great power of the ship and artillery, so as to feel a potential long-term threat. Faced with China's "unprecedented changes in thousands of years", they inherited Wei Yuan and other "school" put forward the idea of "learning from the barbarians" and try their best to put this idea into practice them. The purpose of "learning from the barbarians" is to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the second is the "peace" at home and abroad, under the conditions of the rise of China.

International Background

From the thirteenth century onwards, the world environment began to change. Western capitalism began to sprout. Farmers and craftsmen, after a long period of labor, accumulated experience and improved production tools, agriculture was developed. Machines began to appear in textile and metallurgy. Not only did they increase production. It changed the relationship between people and differentiated various different classes. Under the impetus of the opening of new routes, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the bourgeois revolution, and the industrial revolution, by the time the foreign affairs movement took place, the capitalist world system had been initially completed, and mankind entered a new period, which was also inevitable for historical development. The main features of this new period were integration and modernization. Speaking of a unified world market, decentralized and backward countries were inevitably integrated into the whole. Modernization is the replacement of feudal despotism by capitalism, which is a historical inevitability. This is also the reasoning behind the attempts of the foreign affairs movement to go for modernization, and China's relatively passive involvement in the world's trend towards globalization. At that time, China did not go through a long period of accumulation and did not experience a bourgeois revolution, but China's foreign affairs movement was inseparable from the world trend.

Movement Factions:

In the 1850s and early 1860s, the main contradiction in society was between the peasant class and the landowning class, and after the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in 1864, the main contradiction in society was between the Chinese nation and the imperialist powers. At that time, China was beginning to move towards a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the Western artillery blasted open the door of China, and the great uprising centered on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom impacted the crumbling walls of the Qing Dynasty. It can be said that the "internal and external problems" together and to the Qing dynasty ruling group began to divide into intransigence and the foreign affairs faction.

Foreign Affairs School

In the foreign affairs movement, the foreign affairs school central representative of Aisin Gioro Yixin, local representative

Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and other Xianghuai group, in addition to Chonghou, Shen Baozhen, Liu Kunyi, Tang Tingshu, Zhang Jian, etc. They advocated learning the western sound, light, and so on. They advocated learning Western sound, light, electricity, chemistry, ships, trains, machines, guns, newspapers, schools, etc., and put up the banners of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". They believed that in order to be rich and strong and to make China "prepared", it was necessary to learn the natural sciences and even the socio-political sciences of the Western bourgeoisie, and therefore advocated the development of "Western studies", "foreign affairs", and the establishment of military factories to produce new weapons. Therefore, they advocated the development of "Western studies", "foreign affairs", and the establishment of military factories to produce new weapons and set up new armies to achieve the goal of "self-improvement". In order to solve the problems of raw materials, capital and transportation for the military industry, the government also vigorously set up civilian industries, mining and transportation, so as to achieve the purpose of seeking wealth and resisting the aggression and expansion of foreign capitalism.

The stubborn faction

Representatives of the stubborn faction in the central part of the country were the teacher of the Tongzhi Emperor, the minister of the Ministry of Public Works, the university scholar, such as Wo Ren and Song Jin, etc., and in the local part of the country there were mainly some officials in the hinterland. The stubborn faction, represented by Weren, sang that "the way to establish a country is to be courteous and righteous but not to be powerful, and the fundamental plan is to be in the hearts of the people but not in the skills" and advocated that "loyalty and trust are the armor and courtesy and righteousness are the scaffolding" to resist the foreign invasion. The foreign affairs faction opposed the old-fashioned school, thinking that the old-fashioned school "Chen is very high, holding a very correct", but "to the rites and righteousness for the scaffolding, loyalty and righteousness as armor, not conducive to self-improvement of the actual. In the past twenty to thirty years, Chinese and foreign ministers are due to not get the key to control the enemy, in vain to empty words to plug the blame, resulting in the mutiny of Gengshen". The foreign affairs faction and the intransigent faction attack each other, the struggle is very intense. Premier Yamen is the central organization to promote the foreign affairs movement. But the foreign affairs faction is not mainly in the central Qing dynasty, but in the local power of the governor and governor. Cixi understood that to maintain the dominance of the Qing Dynasty under the situation of internal and external difficulties, she had to rely on the foreign affairs faction which possessed strength and was appreciated by the foreign invaders. So she temporarily adopted the strategy of supporting the foreign affairs faction.

Process

Main course

On the first day of December of the tenth year of the Xianfeng reign (January 11, 1861), Prince Gong Yixin, together with Guiliang and Wenxiang, submitted "six articles of a discretionary statute for the overall situation of the foreign affairs" to carry out the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the military. Foreign Affairs Movement.

After the Xinyou coup in 1861, Cixi, who was in conflict with the original conservative forces, ascended to the center of the rule, and in order to be able to stabilize her position of rule, she adopted the policy of fostering the foreign affairs faction, which ascended to the political arena of the Qing Dynasty and introduced the advanced science and technology of the West on a large scale to set up a modernized military industry and civil enterprises, and the modernization movement in China was rapidly carried out.

Pre-foreign affairs movement, the foreign affairs faction to "self-improvement" as the banner, the use of advanced Western production technology, founded a number of modern military industry. Under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and others, Jiangnan General Administration of Machine Building, Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Bureau of Shipping, Tianjin Bureau of Machinery and a number of large-scale modernized military industries have come into being. In just a few years, China has already had the cast iron, steelmaking and machine production of a variety of military products, products including cannons, firearms, ammunition, mines, and steamships and other new weapons, equipped with some of the army they also opened the Tianjin Beiyang Marine Academy, Guangzhou Torpedo Academy, Weihai Marine Academy, Nanyang Marine Academy, Lushun Torpedo Academy, Jiangnan Army Academy, Shanghai Maneuvering Artillery School and a number of military schools, making important contributions to the cause of national defense.

The establishment of the Beiyang Navy was one of the highest achievements of the military aspect of the foreign affairs movement. Although the Beiyang Navy failed in the end, it was, after all, China's advanced military force that could intimidate the sea and took its place in the world's naval history, and in the process of training the Beiyang Navy, it also led to the development of a series of modern undertakings.

With the founding of the military industry, the foreign affairs faction realized that the basis of a strong national defense lies in the development of the entire national economy, requiring energy, iron and steel and other industries to support it. At the same time, in order to safeguard national interests, but also must develop the national economy, and the foreigners, "commercial war", "fight for profit". So, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, civil industry and new transportation industry also developed.

The later part of the foreign affairs movement, the foreign affairs faction to solve the military industrial capital, fuel, transportation and other aspects of the difficulties, the banner of "seeking wealth", and set up a number of civil industry. 1872, Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, the establishment of the Ship China Merchants Bureau. This is the first civilian enterprises founded by the foreign affairs faction. Merchants opened only three years, the Qing government recovered more than 13 million taels of silver, but also the development of business to foreign countries, breaking the monopoly of foreign shipping companies.

Later, China's modern mining, telegraphy, postal services, railroads and other industries emerged one after another. Light industry was also vigorously developed during the foreign affairs movement. 1880, Zuo Zongtang founded the Lanzhou Weaving Bureau, which became the originator of China's modern textile industry. China's modern textile industry, waterworks, power plants, machine reeling, ginning, papermaking, printing, pharmaceuticals, glass manufacturing, etc., were all established in the 1870s and 1880s. Under the impetus of the foreign affairs movement, China's civil industry developed rapidly, laying the foundation of China's modernized industry.

Timetable

In 1861, Zeng Guofan founded the Anqing Nei Ordnance Institute, which appointed Chinese craftsmen to make imitations of Western guns and cannons, and it was the earliest modern military industry in China. In 1862, it took three years to develop China's first ship, the Yellow Swan.

In 1861, the Qing government established the "Premier's Office for International Affairs", a new diplomatic organization.

In 1862, the "Jingshi Tongwenkuan" was established in Beijing to train translators, which was the earliest foreign affairs school in the Qing Dynasty (it was incorporated into the Jingshi Tongwenkuan in 1902).

In 1863, a "Canton Dialect Hall" was set up in Shanghai, and the following year a "Canton Dialect Hall" was set up in Guangzhou. The main purpose of the "Canton Dialect Hall" was to train people with a good knowledge of foreign languages.

In 1865, the Jiangnan General Bureau of Machinery Manufacturing was established in Shanghai, with a translation center; in the same year, the Jinling Bureau of Machinery Manufacturing was established in Nanjing.

In 1866, the Mawei Bureau was established in Fuzhou.

In 1870, the General Administration of Arms and Machines (later renamed the Beiyang Bureau of Machine Building) was established in Tianjin.

In 1872, the Ship Merchants Bureau was established in Shanghai; the first batch of Chinese official foreign students went to the ocean, selected under the guidance of Yung Ma-teung.

In 1875, it was proposed to set up foreign academies in all provinces; and to create the item of "foreign affairs enterprising" in the imperial examination.

In 1878, the Lanzhou Tweed Bureau was established in Lanzhou, which was the earliest machine woolen textile factory in China.

1880, the establishment of machine weaving layout in Shanghai, which is the earliest machine cotton textile mills in China; in the same year, the establishment of the capital in tianjin, the purchase of warships; the establishment of the north-south telegraph office.

In 1881, the Kaiping Mining Bureau was established.

In 1882, the Lushun Military Harbor was established.

In 1885, the Qing government newly established the Navy Yamen; and set up the Army Military Academy in Tianjin.

In 1890, the Hubei Gun Factory was established in Hanyang; the Hanye Ping Coal and Iron Works and Mines were set up in Hubei and Jiangxi Province

Final End

The total destruction of the Beiyang Navy in the Sino-Japanese War marked the total loss of the Qing Dynasty's naval power, and also marked the bankruptcy of the 35-year foreign affairs movement.

Guiding Ideology:

The most fundamental guiding ideology of the foreign affairs movement was "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth".

The most fundamental guiding ideology of the foreign affairs movement was "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". The classification of the idea is "Teach the barbarians to control the barbarians", "the body of the Western" eight words. The first four words "to learn from the barbarians to control the barbarians" indicate the relationship between the foreign affairs movement and the foreign capitalist invaders, i.e., to learn the long skills of the West in order to resist the Western aggression. The last four words "Chinese body and Western use", indicating the relationship between the foreign affairs movement and the traditional culture of feudalism in their own countries, indicating the respective positions of secondary school and Western learning in the foreign affairs movement, i.e., secondary school as the main body, Western learning as a complementary use. "Teach from the barbarians to control the barbarians" and "use the Chinese body and the West" are also the basic principles of the foreign affairs faction in the foreign affairs movement in dealing with the relationship between the Chinese and Western nation-states as well as the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures. In the period of the foreign affairs movement, from Feng Guifen's "to take the Chinese ethics and famous religions as the original, supplemented by the techniques of wealth and strength of all countries" to Xue Fucheng's "now we sincerely take the Westerner's instrumental and numerical science, to defend our Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou, and the way of Confucius", all of them were used as a kind of theory to serve the "seeking of strength". The first of these is a theory that serves to "seek strength" and "seek wealth", the dominant ideology of the foreign affairs movement.

The first person to put forward the idea of using the Chinese body and the West was Feng Guifen, a thinker of the foreign affairs school. He said in 1861 in the book "School House Protest": "to the original Chinese ethics and names, supplemented by the techniques of wealth and power of other countries". He dealt with the relationship between secondary schools and Western studies in terms of the primary and secondary relationships of "the original" and "the auxiliary". The person who literally, word for word, put forward the idea of "secondary school as the body and western learning as the use" was Shen Shoukang, the editor of the Bulletin of All Nations, who said in April 1896 in his article "Converse Strategies" that: "Chinese and western learning and arts have their mutual gains and losses, and for the sake of the Chinese people it is appropriate to take secondary school as the body and western learning as the use. ". "Chinese studies" and "Western studies" were initially introduced as studies. "Chinese and Western learning" for society, for a regime, for the ruler, originally are "with", Shen Shoukang here to "body" "use Shen Shoukang here to "body" "use" disposition, not as the end and means of the division, but only indicate the primary and secondary. This primary and secondary, is "for the Chinese". It is for the development of the Chinese nation, for the preservation of the fine cultural traditions of the Chinese nation in the study and introduction of Western science and technology, and for the maintenance of the Chinese nation's distinctive characteristics in the great exchange of Chinese and Western cultures. Not only should Chinese learning be preserved and utilized, but it should also be given a major role, and Western learning should be combined with Chinese conditions to serve the development of the Chinese nation. Therefore, since the slogan "Chinese learning for the body, Western learning for the use" reflected the general ideological tendency of the Chinese people at that time in a very concise way, it can even be said that, at that time, when the Western capitalist invaders used the advanced Western learning as a means of invading China, this slogan was a patriotic flag. Therefore, it has been popular in China for decades without fail. The old and new foreign thinkers, constantly raise this flag, and constantly expound the content of this slogan.

Major symbols:

Military: active founding of a new military industry, training of the Nanyang navy

The training of a new army, and preparations for the construction of the Nanyang, Beiyang, and Fujian navies.

Economy: the establishment of ships, railroads, telegraphs, mining, textiles and other civilian enterprises.

Culture: to establish new-style academies, send foreign students and train foreign talents.

Politics: In 1861, the Prime Minister's Office was established

Establishment of enterprises

People Zeng Guofan Li Hongzhang Zuozongtang Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang Zuozongtang Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang Zhang Zhidong Zhang Zhidong

Industry

Anqing Ordnance Institute

General Administration of Manufacturing in Jiangnan

Fuzhou Bureau of Shipping

Shanghai Steamship China Merchants Bureau

Kaiping Mining Bureau

Lanzhou Weaving Bureau

Shanghai Mechanical Weaving Bureau

General Telegraph Bureau Hanyang Iron Works

Hubei Weaving

Official Bureau

Time 1861 1865 1866 1872 1876 1878-1880

1878

The p>1893 rebuilt

1880 1890 1892

Location

Huaihua

Ning, Anhui, later moved to Nanjing

Shanghai Fuzhou Shanghai Luanxian, Hebei, Lanzhou, Shanghai Tianjin, Wuhan, Wuhan

Nature of the enterprise

①Yangshi enterprises used Western technology and equipment for production, belonging to modern enterprises. ② The military industry founded by the foreign affairs faction in the early period, the funds were allocated by the Qing government, the products were allocated to the army for use, and the management was feudal yamen style. Although these enterprises use machine production, but the essence of the feudal government-run enterprises with capitalist factors. ③ The civil industry founded by the foreign affairs faction in the late period, most of the investment was made in the form of government supervision and business and government and business co-operation, the products were mainly put on the market as commodities, and the management adopted the system of labor and employment, so it belonged to the capitalist nature of the enterprise with the feudal factors.

Press

The 1870s to the Sino-Japanese War, about 20 modern newspapers. Except for Fuzhou and Xiamen, the rest were mainly in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Hankou.

The main newspapers during the period of the foreign affairs movement were the Declaration and the Gazette of All Nations, both of which were founded during that period.?

Other newspapers included the Compendium of Recent Events in Western Countries, which was launched in April 1873, and the Circular Daily, which was chaired by Wang Tao.

Opening a new-style academy

In 1862, Prince Gong Aisin Gioro Yixin first founded the Peking Master's Tongwenkan, which opened a chapter in China's modernized education.

The main categories of the new-style academies founded in the foreign affairs movement:

(1) foreign language nature of the academy, such as the 1862 founding of the Peking Master Tongwenkan, (after 1866 the addition of arithmetic hall, became a comprehensive school) Shanghai Guang dialect hall, and so on.

(2) military academies, such as Fuzhou Shipbuilding Academy, Beiyang Naval Academy.

(3) Technical schools, such as Shanghai Mechanical School, Tianjin Telegraph School, etc..

Characteristics of schooling: compared with the traditional governmental schools, these new-style academies cultivated a number of new types of talents, such as translators, military personnel, technical personnel, etc.; the teaching content of Western studies, such as Western languages, Western arts, etc.; the use of a new form of teaching organization, the implementation of the yearly curriculum and the class lecture system, etc.].

Sending foreign students

Learning advanced Western science and technology to change the backwardness of the Qing government was the

Students studying in the United States

Students studying in the United States

initial purpose of the foreign affairs faction in launching the study-abroad movement. The foreign affairs period of study abroad education more influential there are two main: young children to stay in the United States and the Fujian ship school students to stay in Europe, that is, from 1872 to 1875 the Qing government sent to the United States of America four **** 120 young children to study in the United States; 1877-1897 has sent four batches of students from the Fujian ship school to study in Europe.

On August 11, 1872, thirty young children sailed from Shanghai to San Francisco, the United States, and began a fifteen-year study life. This is a new era in China's 2,000-year history," the matter is known as "China's founding move, but also ancient things have not been".

In 1877, under the active advocacy of Shen Baozhen, Li Hongzhang and other officials, 33 people selected from the Bureau of Shipping and the School of Shipbuilding embarked on a journey to study in Europe. 1881, advocated by Li Hongzhang, the Bureau of Shipping and selected 10 people to study in Britain, France and Germany. 1886 Beiyang Marine Division and other schools of the 10 students went to Europe.

Translation of books

In the 35 years of the survival of the foreign affairs movement, the development of cultural publishing business reached an unprecedented level. The Tongwenkan in Beijing, the Guangdiankan in Shanghai, and the Translation Library of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau were the centers for translating Western books at that time. The translation of books went through a process from purely Western scientific and technological works and books to works on natural sciences and social sciences, humanities and so on, with the latter even slightly prevailing.

The Beijing Tongwenkuan translated 36 kinds of Western books. Among them are representative of: China's first international law translation: Wheaton's "Public Law of Nations" (1864); the first diplomacy translation: Madden's "Star 柖 finger palm" (1876); the first economics translation: Fawcett's "rich country policy" (1860). The Translation Hall of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau was the institution with the largest number of translations of Western works and the most outstanding achievements in the late Qing Dynasty, and it listed numerous scholar-translators and some foreign missionaries.

The translation and publication of a large number of Western works and the emergence of modern Chinese newspapers and publishing organizations broke down the barriers between Chinese and Western cultures and the ice of traditional cultures, and greatly facilitated the exchange and integration of Chinese and Western cultures.

Establishment of Telegraph

Main Line: In 1886, due to the need for border defense in the three eastern provinces, a land line was set up from Fengtian to Hunchun; in 1887, due to the Yellow River breakout in Zhengzhou, "preparations for relief work," a line was set up from Jining, Shandong Province, to Kaifeng; in 1888, due to the fact that the official line in Guangdong had already been constructed to Nanxiongzhou, the merchant line was set up from Jiujianguang, Jiangxi Province, to Ganzhou to reach the city of Nanxiong. In 1890, "because Xiangfan was a thoroughfare into several provinces of Beijing and a key border point of the northern gateway of Chu", it was set up from Shashi to reach Xiangyang, and in 1893, the Xiangyang-Laohekou power line was set up; and in 1895, it was connected to Laohekou by the Xi'an power line, "so that the Northwest Power Line could be used for industrial relief matters". In 1895, a power line was set up from Xi'an to connect with Laohekou, "so that the northwestern power line could be transmitted by two lines, so that there would be no danger of being blocked."

Branch lines: 1884 Tianjin to Beijing, Shandong Yeche County of Shahe to Jiaozhou wire; established in 1898 Jiaozhou to Qingdao wire, Hubei Wuchang to Daye, Daye to Jiujiang line, "but also due to the north bank of the upper Hankou poles flooded year after year, blocking the wrong report, the addition of a line of the south bank in order to be prepared for the eventuality"; 1891 Xuzhou to Taizhuang line and 1892 Anqing to Luzhou line; 1898 "to prepare for the harm of the Yellow River" and set up the line from Jinan to Jining, "to prepare for the harm of the Canal" and set up the line from Xuzhou to Suqian and so on.

Role: the telegraph is mainly for commercial economic development needs. In addition, the official lines, which accounted for about 30% of the total number of telegraph lines in the northwest, northeast, southwest, and Korea, also played an active role in military and economic affairs, as did the commercial telegraph lines.

Construction of railways

Since 1825, the United Kingdom built the world's first railroad, because of its economic, political and military role, more and more for people to recognize, so Europe and the United States have followed suit, in just more than a decade railroads have made great progress. At the end of feudalism in China's advanced intellectuals in the observation of the western capitalist world this amazing new thing, also y attracted by it. For example, Lin Zexu's "Four Continents", Wei Yuan's "Sea and Country" and Xu Jishe's "Yinghuan Kaojiao" all gave a preliminary introduction to railroads. Hong Rengan, on the other hand, was the first to put forward the concrete proposal of building railroads on the land of China in 1859 in his book "New Essay on Capitalism". He said: China's provinces should have railroads, "for the country's veins, through the disease-free".

As early as the first year of the Tongzhi (1862), there are Jardine Matheson, Flag Chang and other 27 British and American foreign banks to Li Hongzhang proposal to build a railroad from Suzhou to Shanghai, was rejected. The following year (1863), there are British engineers Stevenson to the Qing government proposed the construction of Hankow to Shanghai, Hankow to Guangdong, Hankow to Sichuan, Shanghai to Fuzhou, Zhenjiang to Beijing, Guangdong to Yunnan six trunk railroads, was also rejected. In the fourth year of the Tongzhi reign (1865), American merchants built a mile-long railroad outside Xuanwumen Gate in Beijing to serve as a sample to attract national attention, but it was torn down by the Infantry Commander's Yamen within a few days. Guangxu six years (1880), Jardine Matheson built a railroad from Shanghai to Wusong, causing unanimous opposition from officials, and finally, on the pretext of crushing a soldier to death, bought and dismantled it for 280,000 taels of silver and threw it into the sea.

Later due to Japan's intention to invade China is becoming increasingly obvious, Guangxu seven years (1881) before the completion of the 22-mile-long railroad from Tangshan to Xuguozhuang, used to pick up the coal, but not allowed to use the locomotive, but the use of donkeys and horses dragging the carriages on the railroad.

Historical impact:

The ultimate result of the foreign affairs movement was failure, but its impact on modern China was also enormous.?

(1) the impact on modern military: the foreign affairs faction unanimously advocated the division of the barbarians in order to enrich the country and strengthen the military, to resist foreign aggression, to save the national crisis. The foreign affairs movement, from the beginning of military self-improvement, in order to realize the military self-improvement, the foreign affairs faction mainly grasped three aspects of the work: one is the establishment of modern military industry; the second is the establishment of modern naval defense Navy, while improving the army's weaponry and training; the third is the establishment of a modern military academy, training of new land and naval personnel. Under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and others, a large number of large-scale modern military industries have come out. 1885 the establishment of the Navy Yamen, the Navy, sea defense matters, promote the construction of the Navy and the modernization of national defense. The fighting power of the Qing army was improved, and it had a certain resistance to foreign invasion forces, which slowed down the historical process of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The military self-improvement of the Foreign Affairs Movement enabled the Chinese army to engage in the Sino-Japanese War against Japanese aggression with modern and new weapons and equipment. It began the process of modernization of the Chinese army.

(2) the impact on the modern economy: the process of the foreign affairs movement to set up military industries, the most difficult to solve the problem is the capital, raw materials, transportation and other aspects of the problem, so in the "self-improvement" slogan to set up the military industry, the foreign affairs faction in the "wealth" slogan began to set up the military industry, the foreign affairs faction in the "wealth" slogan, the foreign affairs faction in the "wealth" slogan. After the slogan of "self-improvement", the foreign affairs faction began to set up civil enterprises, focusing on mining, smelting, shipping, railroads and a series of projects with the military industry. Under the advocacy of the foreign affairs school, many dignitaries took pride in doing foreign affairs, which y shook the concept of "valuing agriculture over business" in China's thousands of years of civilization starting from the change of the law by Shang Yang, prompting the development of China's modern economy and capitalism, and making the capitalist economic component in the social economy grow significantly, which had a significant impact on the birth and development of China's modern enterprises and nationalistic capitalism. It is of great significance to the birth and development of modern Chinese enterprises and national capitalism.

(3) Influence on modern politics: the founders of the foreign affairs movement's own feudalism and decadence led to the failure of the foreign affairs movement, while the failure of the foreign affairs movement enabled other aspirants in the process of China's modernization to see the flaws of the foreign affairs movement, which stimulated the process of China's modernization.

(4) Impact on modern culture: the foreign affairs movement was the beginning of modern education. To start the foreign affairs movement, the rise of foreign affairs must be proficient in foreign affairs talents, but China's traditional education system is far from being able to meet the needs of the foreign affairs movement team of talents. Therefore, the establishment of a new school and the dispatch of foreign students became an important initiative for the continuation of the foreign affairs movement. The opening of new-style academies, from the 1860s to the 1990s, the foreign affairs faction **** founded 24 new-style academies, mainly for translation, engineering, weapons, communications, medical and other training of new talents, although the scale of the academy is not large, but it still breaks the old system of imperial examination and training a number of different from the traditional modern scientific and technological intellectuals, to a certain extent, to open up the social and cultural culture, and lay a certain foundation for the abolition of the imperial examination system later on. Sending foreign students, in order to learn the advanced science and technology of the West more systematically, the foreign affairs faction sent more than 200 foreign students to the West, training a large number of new talents with knowledge of western science for the cause of foreign affairs, on the one hand, it also played a great role in promoting the modernization of China's education, and prepared the initial cultural conditions for the Chinese society to move towards modernization.

Historical Evaluation:

Nature

The foreign affairs movement was a self-help movement led by the ruling class of failed feudal landlords. ? The American sinologist Mary Rhee commented on this phase of the "self-improvement" movement: "Not only a dynasty but a civilization seemed to have collapsed, but thanks to the extraordinary efforts of some outstanding figures in the 1860s, they finally survived the death of the world for another sixty years. " ?

People Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan Zuo Zongtang Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang Zhang Zhidong Zhang Zhidong Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang

Industry Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau Kaiping Mining Bureau Shanghai Machine Weaving Bureau Hanyang Iron Works Hubei Weaving Official Bureau General Administration of Telegraphs Steamship Merchants Bureau

Established

Time

1865 1866 1876

1893 Reconstruction

1890 1892 1880 1872[21]?

Positive effects and significance

In the early 1860s and 1890s, there was a temporary "Sino-foreign peace", and some enlightened people within the ruling group of the Qing government took a series of measures in order to safeguard the feudal rule of the Qing government. In order to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government, some enlightened people within the ruling group of the Qing government took a series of measures of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", although its purpose was to get rid of the "internal and external problems" and to maintain the feudal rule, but this movement was in line with the trend of history. It also objectively promoted the development of China's productive forces, contributed to the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, resisted to a certain extent the economic importation of foreign capitalism, and facilitated the modernization of China's education and national defense.

The significance is shown in:

1. The foreign affairs movement pushed forward the development of the productive forces in modern China and contributed to the emergence of Chinese national capitalism;

2. The foreign affairs faction resisted to a certain extent the economic importation of foreign capitalism;

3. The foreign affairs movement opened up the gap in the feudal education system;

4. The foreign affairs movement contributed to the modernization of national defense. the modernization of national defense.

Limitations

The foreign affairs movement did not put China on the road to wealth and power

The reasons for the failure of the foreign affairs movement: they included the shortcomings of the traditional feudal system, the lack of a complete plan, the lack of knowledge of the people who were in charge of the movement, the opposition of the old-fashioned people, and the corruption of bureaucratic style of government.

While the foreign affairs faction in the foreign affairs movement boasted of "self-improvement and new policy", they had no intention of learning the political and economic system of capitalism because they were the guardians of the traditional feudal thought and only advocated the learning of western technology. It only lingered in the fence of the feudal kingdom, thinking that it had something new to create and feeling complacent, so it eventually failed to show "self-improvement" and "revitalization" in front of the foreign invaders. On the contrary, under the attack of the invading forces of the Great Powers, the "feat" held by these defenders of feudalism quickly came to an end.

Conclusion:

In the 19th century, the world has been the era of social Darwinism, any failure of international or domestic struggles may be regarded as backwardness, the foreign affairs movement is also due to the Sino-Japanese War was categorized as this defeat, but it is only a period of China's modern history of a succession of "failures. But it was just one of a series of "failures" in China's modern history. Although the process of "self-improvement" can be criticized, but the traditional Chinese structure has been broken - the foreign affairs movement to introduce technology as a means to enrich the country and strengthen the military; the Hundred Days' Reform thought that constitutionalism in order to save the country; "May Fourth Movement" when the people had already realized that the country had been backward, but it was only one of a series of "failures" in China's modern history. The "May Fourth Movement" was the realization that reforms needed to start with ideas. Although no one planned in advance, but the advancement of this series of reforms, so that we feel that history has its own logic.