What is the main content of<& lt scholar >>?

The Scholars depicts a colorful picture of scholars through a realistic description of their life and mental state. Focusing on fame and fortune and the origin of literary works, it deeply analyzes the image and mentality of Confucian scholars under the imperial examination system from the height of overlooking the whole feudal culture. This is not only an ugly history of Confucian scholars, but also a painful history of Confucian scholars. Not only that, the author also puts forward the historical topic of the fate of Confucian scholars and tirelessly explores the real way out for Confucian scholars. Therefore, the ideological content of the novel can be roughly divided into two parts: one is a severe criticism of the imperial examination system; The second is the eager pursuit of an ideal life.

First of all, through three types of villains, the drawbacks of the imperial examination system and the concept of fame and fortune are comprehensively criticized.

1. The first category is the image of Confucian scholars, which is the most typical and successful. Among them are corrupt literati who are greedy for fame and fortune, such as Zhou Jin and Jin Fan. They are honest and mediocre, cowardly and wretched, extremely numb in thought and extremely poor in knowledge. They prostrated themselves under the imperial examination system all their lives, and their spirit was poisoned and destroyed by the imperial examination system. There are pedantic Confucian scholars, such as Mr. Ma and Wang Yuhui, who sincerely believe in stereotyped writing and feudal ethics, harming others and poisoning others. One regards the industry as sacred and inviolable, and sincerely advocates the supremacy of the industry everywhere. The other is to sincerely believe in ethics and self-discipline with etiquette. They are both disseminators and victims of feudal thoughts. There are also simple and kind literati who are corroded by the stereotyped writing system and eventually degenerate, such as Kuang Superman and Niu Pulang. Their spiritual degeneration, moral degeneration and loss of honesty are all the results of the decadent style of fame and fortune.

2. The second category is the image of officials and gentry. They are the direct product of the imperial examination system, and most of them are corrupt officials, and most of them are local tyrants and evil gentry when they go to the countryside, which has become the root of political corruption. The former, such as Wang Hui and Tang Feng, are proud of the imperial examination, promoting to a higher position and making a fortune, squeezing the people and being greedy and domineering; The latter, such as Yan and Zhang Jingzhai, used the privilege of imperial examination to associate with the government and fish neighbors, and they were bullying and doing evil. In this way, the author combines the criticism of the imperial examination with the criticism of officialdom and politics, which not only exposes the corruption of the imperial examination system at a deeper level, but also improves the ideological value of the book.

3. The third category is celebrity image. What they are striving for is a shortcut to the south, which is actually a derivative of the imperial examination system. These people don't follow stereotyped writing, seemingly elegant, but in fact they are just idle and boring dude, famous scholars in Sun Shan, coquettish war poets, cunning helpers, put on airs, cling to powerful people, and are greedy for fame and fortune in their bones. The author exposed the shameless ugliness and dirty souls of these pseudonyms through several concentrated appearances at the Wanying Lake rally in Huzhou, the West Lake Poetry Club in Hangzhou and the Mochou Lake High Club in Nanjing.

The above three types of images, as the old man Xian Zhai said in Preface to the Scholars: "His books are based on fame and fortune. Those who have a heart, fame and fortune, charm others; There are people who stand tall by fame and fortune; Others have no intention of fame and fortune, think they are high, and are laughed at. " It can be seen that the stereotyped writing system of selecting scholars constitutes the great misfortune of a generation of literati in prison, and the concept of fame and fortune has caused the distortion of human nature and the decline of the world style, which cannot but arouse people's deep thinking.

Secondly, through three types of positive characters, the author's ideals are entrusted and his mental journey of continuous exploration is reflected.

1. The first kind is Du and Shen Qiongzhi, who have a certain rebellious spirit. Du has the shadow of the author, and is a figure with both traditional morality and celebrity style. He looked down on fame and wealth, looked down on the powerful; Put forward bold challenges to some feudal etiquette and customs, and pursue a willful and unruly life; Respect women and demand individual liberation. He has a lot of abnormal smells. Shen Qiongzhi is a strange girl image with some new factors. She dared to resist the feudal marriage system, fought resolutely with feudal forces, did not admire wealth, did not fear the government, tried to control her own destiny, tried to safeguard women's independent personality, and shone with the light of rebellious thoughts. These two people have initially possessed the brilliance of democratic thought.

2. The second category is the images of true Confucian scholars and celebrities, such as Chi Hengshan, Yu Yide and Zhuang Shaoguang. They all attach importance to the source of literary works, regardless of fame and fortune, pursue reasonable moral integrity and self-improvement of personality, showing a strong primitive Confucian spirit. At the same time, they also advocated replacing empty talk of Neo-Confucianism with practical learning of "courtesy, music, soldiers and agriculture" and replacing rigid and useless imperial essays with practical learning, which truly represented the author's social ideal. As the core event of the book, offering sacrifices to Taibo Temple is a portrayal of their attempts to restore the hearts of the world through retro means and transform the real society with traditional rites and music. But this is just an unrealistic fantasy, and these virtuous people will eventually "disappear".

3. The third category is the image of strange people in the market, including, year, Wang Tai, Gaikuan and. These four strange people are not bound by fame and fortune, etiquette, law and religion. They are proud, poor and happy, self-reliant, literary and romantic, and pursue an unrestrained and free life, showing the seeds of some modern democratic ideas such as respecting self-personality, alienating political utility and demanding the free development of personality. However, these ordinary people are smeared with the color of literati and Confucian scholars, giving them the elegance of "playing chess, painting and calligraphy", which is actually an illusion created by the author and a life outlet designed by the author for a new generation of literati.