The Development and Artistic Features of Eastern and Western Landscape Design

It should be noted that the eastern and western garden arts are complementary and have their own strengths, so it is difficult to learn from each other. For example, Spanish gardens are deeply influenced by Islamic garden styles, and their layout is mostly: square gardens surrounded by buildings, arcades in buildings, pools in courtyards, and Woods inside and outside the gardens.

From17th century to18th century, Britain began to accept China's gardening ideas. Introduction to British Encyclopedia of Natural Landscape Gardens: 1685, W Temple, a diplomat from charles ii, said that completely irregular China gardens may be more beautiful than other forms of gardens. 1757 and 1772, British landscape architect W. chambers published works such as Architectural Design of China and Introduction to Oriental Gardens. He introduced the gardens he saw in China to Britain, and advocated introducing architectural sketches similar to those of China into British gardens.

China gardens also have an influence on French gardens. It is said that there are more than 20 places in Paris that imitate China's classical gardens. 1670, the blue and white porcelain palace built in Versailles imitated the glazed pagoda in Nanjing. /kloc-in the 8th century, the French learned more about China's gardening art from the reports sent by missionaries in China. 1774 Little Trianon Garden, built in Versailles Garden, is a Chinese-style garden, with verdant rocks, pavilions and pavilions, and pursues natural wildness.

The earliest zoo in the west was built in Austria in A.D. 1752, nearly 3000 years later than the gardens in Shang Zhouwang and Zhou Wenwang, China.

Western landscape theory has its own systematicness and depth, and also has its own characteristics in strict planning. Especially in modern times, public gardens have been vigorously promoted, which is more prominent than in the East. Since the 20th century, westerners have put forward the theory of garden city and the operation mode of national parks, which is ahead of the orientals.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the gardens in China were influenced by western culture, and the gardens in the Yangtze River valley tended to be westernized. For example, Yixing Hall in Jingxiang Garden in Yangzhou has both Chinese and Western verve. Li Dou's "Painting Boat in Yangzhou in Qing Dynasty" records that Yixing Hall "is built on the right back of Nanmu Woodcarving Mountain, with a fairy tower, wooden couch, carved sandalwood Fei Lian and flower sill steps;" The left backer imitates the western method, puts up a fence in front and builds a deep house. It looks like thousands of layers, and its eyes are dazzling and terrible, but the bell makes people turn according to the sound. When the house is folded, the bell will ring and close accordingly. Draw mountains, rivers, islands and ocean roads, set shadow lamps on the opposite side, shoot the shadows painted in the house with glass mirrors, open the skylight to make the sky and clouds want to sway, and shoot them with the light of the sun and the moon, which is very brilliant. "It can be seen that Yixing Hall has adopted acoustics, optics and other facilities and accepted western architectural skills, which is a combination of Chinese and Western. In addition, the Taoyuan and Hongyuan Gardens recorded in "Qing Ren Money Garden" are all "foreign objects" with Western-style attractions.

In the late Qing Dynasty, Li Shuchang, a native of Zunyi, Guizhou Province, went to Europe and wrote some articles introducing western culture. The Story of Brighton describes the gardens in Brighton, a coastal city in England. He said that Brighton is a scenic spot in Europe, more than 0/60 miles south of London. Its land is "hills behind and rocks in front." The busybody chiseled the shore into a huge mansion while raising fish. During this period, Quan Yuan was noticed, the glass was contained, and things on four continents were strange and strange. It is also a long wooden bridge, which fights hundreds of feet into the sea for tourists to enjoy. There is a music booth at the end of the bridge.

The rest are shallow grass and flat sand, green window mansions, hidden by water and light, beautiful. ..... People from all over the country are holding hands, having fun and traveling, and their costumes are as beautiful as clouds. Sometimes a boat or two floats in the blue sky ... almost like leaving the world behind. "This article was written in the 6th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 188 1). At that time, European coastal garden tourism had been developed on a large scale, but China was not included in the planning. It can be seen that there is a gap between China and the West in this respect.

In the Qing Dynasty, Yuanmingyuan, a garden called Wanyuan, was built on the outskirts of the capital, which was a fusion of Chinese and western garden art. The landscape layout in the garden and courtyard design are both Chinese, while a large number of sculptures and pavilions are Western. Although the Yuanmingyuan was destroyed in Eight-Nation Alliance, western decorative patterns can be seen from the broken beams and columns, such as the Garden Cinema, Haiyan Hall and the square appearance, all of which are Western-style buildings.

In the late Qing Dynasty, with the appearance of concession, the infiltration of western culture into China was strengthened, and some gardens imitating western styles appeared in the Yangtze River basin. For example, the Bund Park built in Shanghai 1868, Hongkou Park built in Shanghai 1900 and Zhaofeng Gongyuan built in Shanghai 19 14 are all in English garden style. Some scenic spots in Shanghai Huishan Park are influenced by Holland. The Verdun public garden and the sunken bed garden in the French parks all have the French Lenotel style. The water steps on the south slope of Xishan in Wuxi have the style of Italian terraced gardens.

In modern times, there have been some public gardens in the Yangtze River valley, such as Wuxi's urban park built on 1906, Chengdu's Shaocheng Park built on 19 10, Nanjing's Xuanwu Lake Park built on191and Sichuan's Xuanwu Lake Park built on1. These parks have absorbed the advantages of western gardens and are obviously westernized in plane layout and scenic spot setting.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, private gardens were also westernized. For example, Meiyuan (built in Rongdesheng 19 12) and Liyuan (built in 1 927) in Wuxi can be regarded as gardens combining Chinese and western styles. Some bureaucrats, comprador, businessmen and scribes are most influenced by western thoughts, and almost all of their families are westernized.

In a word, Chinese and western gardens influence each other, with similarities and differences. Western gardens pursue the beauty of material form, artificial beauty, geometric layout and unobstructed beauty. China gardens pursue the beauty of rhyme, harmony between man and nature, romanticism and cadence. If western gardens are compared to oil paintings, then China gardens can be compared to landscape paintings, and China gardens are more natural than western gardens.