Four stages of the emergence and development of pedagogy

China: One person, one book (Confucius, Xueji)

1, Confucius' educational thought: (educational object, purpose, content (characteristics), methods and means, moral education)

Education target: no class; Educational purpose: to be an official by learning and being excellent, and to cultivate gentlemen and politicians; Educational content: Five Classics (inherited the content of Six Arts in the Western Zhou Dynasty, with defects: ignoring natural and scientific knowledge; Despise the education of productive labor knowledge and skills); Methods and means: don't be angry (inspired and induced, the earliest in the world), seek and retreat, so advance (teach students in accordance with their aptitude), learn without thinking (pay equal attention to learning and thinking), and know what they know (modesty and faithfulness); Moral education: take benevolence as the core, and advocate moral cultivation methods such as determination to seek benevolence and personal practice in practice.

2. Xue Ji's educational thoughts: the earliest educational and teaching works in the world. (7) Educational function, educational methods and means

Educational function: education and politics (a gentleman must learn if he wants to turn people into customs; Rejuvenate the country and the people, teaching first. ) Individual functions (uncut, grinding. People don't learn or know. Educational methods and means (Tao and Fu Qian, strength and restraint, opening and opening: inspiration and induction; Respect the teacher and emphasize the road; Long-term good saves losses; Learn not to wait; Teaching and learning learn from each other; Shi Yu Sun Mo; Tibet and interest complement each other)

3. Other educators' thoughts: Mencius: theory of good nature, Xunzi: theory of evil nature, Mozi: universal love, mutual non-aggression, three ways to acquire knowledge (pro-knowledge, listening knowledge and speaking knowledge), judging whether the topic is not the three-table method (original (indirect experience, classic), original (direct experience, the truth of people's eyes and ears), and using it (whether practice is in line with the interests of the people). Zhu: Zhu's reading method; Han Yu: I am a teacher, so I preach and teach.

West: three generations of teachers and students+one ancient Roman.

1, Socrates' educational thought: midwifery: dialogue; The west is the first place to inspire education advocates.

2. Plato's educational thought: utopia; Attach importance to early education, the earliest advocate of educational games; Women can receive the same education and engage in the same occupation as men; The highest goal is to train philosophers and politicians; The ultimate goal is to make the soul.

3. Aristotle's educational thought: politics; First put forward free education (elegant education); For the first time in history, it is put forward that education should follow the principle of nature and carry out education in stages according to the law of children's psychological development. Trigonometry of soul; The highest purpose: to pursue rationality (that is, to pursue virtue);

4. quintilian's educational thought in ancient Rome: The Principle of Eloquence (also known as On the Education or Cultivation of Speakers), the first educational monograph in the West, the first teaching method book in the world, and the highest achievement in the development of education in ancient Europe; Three stages of learning (imitation-theory-practice); The concept of class teaching system is budding; Opposing corporal punishment is a cruel act, which will cause children's depression and depression.

Second, the independent morphological stage (independent+other)

1, bacon first proposed that Newcastle should be independent, Professor Kant should be the first, and bartlett should be standardized.

Hierarchical wisdom exaggerates independence: three views, one book, one position. Three viewpoints: educational principles (education should conform to nature, which is the fundamental guiding principle throughout its entire educational system; It is the first time to demonstrate the intuitive principle in theory), educational thought: universal wisdom, popularizing the idea of primary education, "teaching all education to all human arts", "all young men and women should go to school", "world map", "mothering school" and teaching organization: the class teaching system was first put forward and systematically discussed; Great teaching theory; Father of pedagogy

Kant's educational thought: "Man is the only animal that needs education", and the fundamental task is to fully develop man's natural endowment, so that everyone can become himself, his original self and get self-improvement.

Herbart's educational thought: a book, a position and a representative, 1234: general pedagogy; The father of modern pedagogy, the father of scientific pedagogy; The representative of traditional pedagogy; Five viewpoints: one principle (education and teaching principle), one purpose (cultivating good citizens), two foundations (psychology and philosophy), the third center (formula: teaching materials for teachers in class: teacher center, classroom center, teaching material center), and four-stage teaching theory (formula: implicit idea: clarity, association, system and method).

2. Others (Lu's son is born, Perth loves labor psychologically, and Locke, a gentleman, draws cartoons on the whiteboard).

Rousseau's educational thought (Lu's Love is Natural): A book: Emile; One view: advocate the concept of natural education and child-oriented education (all good things come out of the creator's hands and go bad in the hands of people), and children should be highly respected because of human nature; Status: The first person to discover children in the history of western education.

Pestalozzi's educational thought (Pestalozzi loves labor psychologically): two books (Lianhard and Godud, how Godud educates her children), three positions (loving the father of children, the first educator who put the idea of "combining education with productive labor" into practice in the history of western education, and the founder of primary school teaching method in the history of education), and three viewpoints (advocating naturalistic educational thought and putting forward the idea of educational psychology at the earliest).

Locke's educational thought (Mr. Locke draws cartoons on the whiteboard): A Random Talk on Education; Two viewpoints (first, the whiteboard says: the reason why human beings are so different is because of education; Second, advocate gentleman education, put virtue education in the first place, and implement it in the family. )

Third, the stage of diversification (Marxism+others):

1, on Marxist educational thought:

Makarenko's Educational Thought: Parallel Education or Collective Education?

It is recognized as the first Marxist pedagogy work in the world: Pedagogy by Kailov of the Soviet Union.

The earliest educator who discussed education with Marxism: National Education and Democracy by Krupskaya of the Soviet Union.

Yang Xianjiang's New Education Syllabus: China's First Pedagogical Works Guided by Marxism.

2. Others: Spencer is ready to learn knowledge, Du Weizhen has been modernized, and Iranian experiments have been completed.

Spencer's educational thought: a book about education, three viewpoints (that scientific knowledge is the most valuable, anti-form education, emphasizing practical education; Advocating to stimulate students' awareness of learning; Think that the task of education is to prepare for a full life)

Dewey's educational thought: one book, one representative, 0 1345 five viewpoints: democracy and education; The representative of modern pedagogy; Zero purpose: education has no purpose (no abstract purpose, but specific purpose). In the process of education, education has no purpose except itself, it is its own purpose. (1) To be a middle school, replace the dominant position of traditional textbook with active and experiential active homework, the new three centers (children play games in activities: children's center, activity center and game center) and the fourth center (education is life, education is growth, education is the reorganization or transformation of experience, and school is society); Five-step teaching method: create a difficult situation, determine the difficulty, put forward various assumptions to solve the problem, infer which assumption can solve this difficulty, and verify this assumption)

Man Mei and Rye's educational thoughts: the former puts forward "experimental pedagogy" and advocates studying children's life and learning by experimental methods; The latter published Experimental Pedagogy, which holds that education is a practical guide to human development, with the aim of shaping a complete personality in a complete organism-society.

Fourth, the theoretical deepening stage (how to find the process structure, dig roots to find rice grains, praise high-speed development, optimize classes, be a good driver in an all-round way, and elegant intelligence will rise)

Bloom's educational thought (Tom has mastery goals): He put forward the theory of mastery learning, which divides teaching goals into three areas: cognition, emotion and motor skills, and the classification of educational goals.

Bruner's educational thought (Nalai's discovery process structure): advocates discovery learning, and thinks that the teaching focus is the basic structure of teaching disciplines, and the basic structure of disciplines should adapt to children's cognitive structure.

Wagenshen's educational thought (Wagen looking for examples): founded the theory and principle of example teaching.

Zankov's educational thought (advocating high-speed development): put forward five teaching principles of developmental teaching theory: the principle of high difficulty, high speed, theoretical knowledge playing a leading role, understanding the learning process and making all students, including poor students, develop generally; Teaching and development: "Make students reach the ideal level of development with the best teaching effect".

Babanski's educational thought (Babu optimization): the optimization of teaching process and the introduction of modern system theory into the study of teaching theory are a new scientific exploration.

Suhomlinski's educational thought (overall harmony): 100 suggestions for teachers, dedicated to children, Pavlis Middle School; Comprehensive and harmonious educational thought; "living" pedagogy

Piaget's Educational Thought (Elegant Intellectual Exhibition): Educational Science and Child Psychology: Discusses the stages of intellectual development, and holds that the main purpose of teaching is to develop students' intelligence.