Ancient Chinese architecture palace art and garden art?

The following is Zhongda Consulting to bring you about the palace art and garden art for reference.

There are many types of ancient Chinese architecture, mainly palaces, altars, temples, temples, pagodas, residential buildings and garden buildings. Among them, the achievements of palace and garden architecture are the most outstanding. Therefore, here focus on appreciating the palace architecture and garden art.

One, the Palace (Forbidden City)

China has experienced a long feudal society, the emperors in order to meet their extravagant life and maintain the majesty of their rule, often building, building a variety of palaces and halls. Qin Shi Huang united China after the construction of Afang Palace, has reached an amazing scale. Weiyang Palace built in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the palace city around 8900 meters. Han Gaozu Liu Bang was once angered by the sight of the extravagance of this palace building, and Xiao He, who presided over the planning of this project, said, "The Son of Heaven has the four seas as his home, and it is not strong enough to be a heavy power." This shows that the ruling class has recognized that the grand scale of the palace building can also be used as a tool to consolidate its power. This view of Xiao He made the subsequent emperors pay more attention to the capital city and palace buildings. Therefore, after the Qin and Han Dynasties, palace buildings have always occupied an important position in ancient Chinese architecture. Unfortunately, many palace buildings have become relics. Now preserved the largest, most complete, but also the most exquisite palace buildings, first of all, the Forbidden City in Beijing. The entire Forbidden City is grand in scale and extremely spectacular. Only to the core of the palace part of the Forbidden City, for example, it is 760 meters long east to west, 960 meters long north to south, covering an area of more than 720,000 square meters. According to the general habits of palace architecture, the Forbidden City can also be divided into the emperor to deal with political affairs of the outer court and the emperor lived in the inner court of the two major parts. Qianqingmen in the Forbidden City, is the outer and inner court between the dividing line. Outer court to "three halls" - the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, the Hall of Baohe mainly in front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony, on both sides of the Hall of Wenhua and the Hall of Wujing two groups of palaces. The inner court to "after three palaces" - Qianqing Palace, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace, which is flanked by concubines living in the East Six Palaces and West Six Palaces, which is often referred to as "three palaces and six courtyards". The overall layout of the Forbidden City, highlighting the traditional feudal rites, "before and after the bed" system. And the entire design of the Forbidden City is the design of the idea of the power of the feudal emperors and the feudal hierarchy. For example, the main buildings in addition to the strict symmetry of the layout in the central axis, with special emphasis on the "three halls", "three halls" and highlights the ceremony held in the Hall of Imperial Harmony (commonly known as the Hall of the Golden Emperor). To this end, in the overall layout, "three halls" not only occupies the most important space in the Palace, and it in front of the square area of 2.5 hectares, strongly set off the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the main brain of the entire Palace City. Coupled with the Hall of Supreme Harmony is located at a height of 8 meters divided into three layers of alabaster on the base of the Hall, each layer of alabaster stone carving of the railings around, and there are three layers of stone carvings, "Royal Road". So that the Hall of Supreme Harmony appears more majestic, as if from a distance as the mythical Qiong Palace of Immortality, the weather is extraordinary. As for the inner court and other parts, because they are subordinate to the outer court, so the layout is more compact.

Of course, the entire Forbidden City building as a result of the political power of the emperor and the service, and therefore inevitably produce the shortcomings of the strict and stereotyped, but, from the Forbidden City complex of the whole architectural art, it embodies China's ancient architectural art of the special style and outstanding achievements, is one of the world's outstanding architectural complex. And this masterpiece, from the Ming dynasty after the creation of the Yongle years, more than five hundred years, constantly rebuilt, rebuilt, the use of manpower and material resources is difficult to estimate, it can be said that "the world's power to serve a person". Therefore, the magnificent Forbidden City, is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the ancient working people of China.

Two, classical gardens (Summer Palace, Summer Resort, net garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden, etc.)

China's existing number of famous classical gardens, most of them are the Ming and Qing dynasty relics. The essence of Chinese classical gardens is concentrated in Jiangnan. There are so-called "Jiangnan gardens A world, Suzhou garden A Jiangnan" comments. China's architectural community also believes that "the essence of Chinese classical gardens in Jiangnan, focusing on Suzhou, the number of large and small gardens villas, artistic attainments of the fine, is rare in any part of the world today." The reason for this situation, mainly because since the Spring and Autumn Period, Suzhou has been an important city in the south of China, it has material abundance, cultural development, mountains and water superior conditions, since the Jin Dynasty moved south until the Qing Dynasty, successive generations of aristocrats and bureaucrats continue to build gardens for their enjoyment in Suzhou. As a result, the existing classical gardens in Suzhou are quite impressive. There are fifteen classical gardens discussed in Liu Dunzhen's book "Classical Gardens of Suzhou" (The Humble Administrator's Garden, Liouyuan Garden, Lion Grove, Canglang Pavilion, Nets Master's Garden, Yiyuan Garden, Couple's Garden, Yipu Garden, Huanxiu Villa, Congcuishuang Villa, Crane Garden, Changyuan Garden, Jugyuan Garden, Remnant of the grain garden, Wang Washma Lane, a house courtyard), among them, the most famous of which, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Liouyuan Garden, the Lion Grove, the Canglang Pavilion, and the Nets Master's Garden, are the national key units of cultural relics protection. In addition, some famous classical gardens have been preserved in other places in the south of the Yangtze River and in the north of the country to this day. The Summer Palace and the Beihai in Beijing, as well as the Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei, are the most famous classical gardens in the Beijing area. Whether it is the classical gardens in the south or the north, and whether it is the royal palaces of feudal emperors or the private gardens of bureaucrats, landlords, and rich merchants, although the scale and style of the gardens show their own characteristics due to the different positions of the regions and the garden owners politically and economically, they are all built to satisfy the hedonistic life of the feudal ruling class, and there are many **** artistic techniques in the garden layout and landscaping. Artistic techniques in the garden layout and landscaping have many **** the same place. These **** similarities, constitute a strong poetic and picturesque Chinese classical garden art. From the perspective of our appreciation of classical garden art, some of the following gardening art techniques, should be particularly noted.

First of all, the classical Chinese gardens on the garden landscape is mainly imitation of nature, that is, with artificial force to build natural scenery, to achieve the "although there are people, just like the sky from the opening" of the state of the art. Therefore, in addition to a large number of buildings in the garden, but also chiseled pools and mountains, planting flowers and trees, with artificial imitation of natural landscape scenery, or the use of ancient landscape paintings as a blueprint, with the poetry of the mood, constituting a number of picturesque scenes. Therefore, classical Chinese gardens are a synthesis of many arts, such as architecture, ponds, horticulture, painting, sculpture and even poetry. This characteristic of classical Chinese gardens is mainly determined by the nature of Chinese gardens. Because whether it is the feudal emperors or bureaucratic landlords, they both covet the city's generous material enjoyment, but also want to not risk the pain of labor to seek the "pleasure of the mountains, water, forests and springs". Therefore, their gardening, in addition to meet the needs of residential enjoyment, more importantly, the pursuit of beautiful mountain scenery, in order to achieve the purpose of living in the city can still enjoy the interest of the mountains and forests.

Secondly, the Chinese classical gardens are limited by the historical conditions of the long-term feudal society, the vast majority of them are closed, that is, the gardens are surrounded by walls, the scenery hidden in the garden. Moreover, except for a few royal palaces, the area of gardens is generally small. To reproduce the beauty of natural landscape in a small area, the most important and difficult thing is to break through the limitations of space, so that the limited space to show an infinite richness of the garden. In this regard, the classical Chinese gardens have high artistic achievements and become the essence of the classical Chinese gardens.

Generally speaking, the classical Chinese garden to break through the limitations of space, to create a rich garden landscape of the most important techniques, is to take the zigzag and free layout, with the division of the scenic area and space, as well as "borrowed scenery" approach. The so-called zigzag and free layout, with the gardens of some countries on the European continent, the layout of the usual geometric pattern of the relative. This kind of zigzag and free layout, in the area of smaller private gardens in Jiangnan, especially prominent. They emphasize the deep and winding, the so-called "scene is worth deep, not curved not deep", is this approach. For example, most of the gardens in Suzhou, the entrance, commonly used rockery, courtyard, leakage window as a barrier, appropriate blocking the line of sight of visitors, so that people into the garden door just vaguely see the corner of the garden, a few twists and turns in order to see the garden of the whole picture of the mountain pools, pavilions and pavilions. With a compact layout, varied, step by step for the wonderful features of the Suzhou Garden, the entrance to the garden door on the first leakage of windows, to emphasize the depth of the garden twists and turns. As for the garden of the scene, not like the axis of the western garden of the scene, but with the plane of the zigzag, step by step, unfolding the scene in turn. Some of the corridor on both sides of the wall to open a number of beautifully shaped windows and holes in the door, people walk through it, it is like a frame, the scenery of the garden as a landscape painting into the beautiful windows and holes in the door. As for the division of scenic spots and space, it is through the clever use of landscape, trees, flowers, buildings, etc., the whole garden is divided into a number of scenic spots, each scenic spot has its own characteristics, while highlighting the key scenic spots that reflect the main features of the garden. For example, the largest garden in Suzhou, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the whole garden includes the middle, west and east parts, of which the middle is the essence of the whole garden. At the same time, the water area accounts for about three-fifths of the garden, pavilions and pavilions, most of the waterfront, light and lively modeling, and try to four sides of the air, in order to receive the natural scenery of the water town of Jiangnan. The garden space treatment, wonderful use of mountains, pools, trees, pavilions, pavilions, less use of walls. Therefore, the garden space everywhere to communicate, interspersed with each other, forming a rich hierarchy. Again, such as Beijing's Summer Palace, it's a large scale, the whole garden area of about 3.4 square kilometers, it can be divided into many scenic spots, some of which also form a large garden in the package of small gardens, such as Harmony Garden. But in these many scenic spots, Kunming Lake and Wanshoushan is its essence. It is these key scenic spots constitute the main features of these gardens. Various gardens regardless of their size, as long as the main scenic spot is very distinctive, even if the other aspects of the slight lack of, can still give people a deep impression.

As for the "borrowed scenery" this artistic technique, but also the classical Chinese gardens to break through the spatial limitations, a traditional technique to enrich the garden. It is outside the garden or near or far away from the scenery cleverly lead to "borrow" to the garden, become part of the garden landscape. This technique is very common in China's classical gardens, and has a very high achievement. For example, the existing classical gardens in Suzhou, the earliest history of the Canglang Pavilion, one of its important features is good at borrowing scenery. Because of the garden gate outside a large body of water around the garden, the garden on this side of the boundary wall, but with a leaky window outside the double corridor, cleverly the river scenery "borrow" into the garden. Another example is the Summer Palace in Beijing, in order to "borrow" the nearby Yuquan Mountain and the farther west of the mountain scenery, in addition to the name of the "Lake and Mountain" at the full play of the artistic effect of the borrowed landscape techniques, in other areas also made a careful design. Such as the Summer Palace of the West Causeway, in addition to the six different forms of the bridge point of view, there is no tall buildings blocking the line of sight. The north-south length of Kunming Lake is also suitable for the garden to see all the peaks of the western mountains reflected in the lake. At the same time, the two embankments of peach and willow, just the right shade of the fence, the boundaries between inside and outside the garden invariably disappeared. The peaks of the West Mountain, the two embankments of the smoke and willow, and the shadow of the tower of Yuquanshan are naturally combined into one, and become the scenery of the garden, and the spatial scope of the garden is invariably enlarged, and the scenery is also richer. What is presented in front of people's eyes is a picture scroll of the beautiful lake and mountains with Wanshoushan Fuxiang Pavilion as the near view, the two embankments and Yuchuan Mountain as the middle view, and the peaks of Xishan Mountain as the distant view. Chinese classical garden of this borrowed landscape techniques, in the "garden metallurgy" book, summed up as five methods, namely, "far borrowing, neighboring borrowing, up borrowing, down borrowing, borrowing at the right time". Some of the examples mentioned above mainly belong to the scenery outside the garden, is "far borrowing". The so-called "neighboring borrowing, up borrowing, down borrowing, in time to borrow", mainly refers to the garden within the borrowed scenery. The so-called "neighboring borrowing" refers to the garden within a short distance from the scene, each other on the scene, set off each other, echo each other. Such as the Summer Palace in the "Spring Pavilion" near the pavilions, bridges, willow, stone and other mutual borrowing, seemingly coordinated and beautiful. "Rang borrowed" generally refers to the garden in the blue sky and white clouds, or the moon and stars and other celestial phenomena. However, like looking up at the mountain peaks, waterfalls, as well as pines and cypresses, magnificent buildings can also be called Yang borrowed. Such as entering the main gate of Beijing Beihai Park, you can look up to look at the unique white tower: "down to borrow" refers to such as the fence to look at the reflection of the lake, Linxuan view of the pool fish swimming, etc.: "should be borrowed" refers to the use of the seasons of the year or January between the different times of the year the scenery of the Changes - such as spring flowers and plants, summer shade, autumn foliage, winter snow, the morning sunrise, the evening sunset afterglow ...... and so on, can be borrowed at the right time. Such as suzhou to the exquisite deep master of the net garden, the garden's important scenic spot "temple spring yi" is based on the song peony poem in two lines "thanks to the chemical industry pity loneliness, still left peony temple spring wind", by the end of spring peony flowers to create a scene.

Third, the Chinese classical garden is particularly good at using a strong national style of various buildings, such as pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, corridors, salons, Xuan, Boat, Pavilions, bridges, etc., with the natural water, stone, flowers, wood, etc., to form a variety of interests of the garden landscape. Take the common pavilion, porch, bridge as an example, they constitute the artistic image and artistic realm are unique. Such as pavilions, not only is the shape is very colorful, and it is in the garden in the middle of the "point of view" and "lead the scene" role. Such as Suzhou West Garden of the Lake Pavilion, the Humble Administrator's Garden has a cave half Pavilion, Beijing Beihai Park's Five Dragons Pavilion. Again, such as gallery, it is in the middle of the garden is to guide tourists to visit the route, but also plays a role in dividing the space, the combination of scenery. Such as when people walk in the Beijing Summer Palace promenade, you can see the beautiful scenery of Kunming Lake; Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden of the water corridor, it is light and elegant, people walking on it, like walking on the waves; Suzhou Yiyuan compound corridor, separated by a flower wall, the wall of the form of leakage of the window (also known as the "flower windows" or "flower (also known as "flower window" or "flower wall hole"), so that the garden has a boundary is not a boundary, seems to be separated from the non-separation, the scene in the scene, small in the big, endless changes, this leakage window in the Jiangnan classical gardens in the use of a wide range of ancient architects, which is a brilliant creation of the architects. Because the original relatively monotonous and boring wall, after the window decoration, not only adds a rich change, that a different window pattern in the wall has become an exquisite decorative pattern, but also through the skillful use of a "leakage" word, so that the garden scenery is more vivid, dexterous, adding an endless interest. Suzhou's West Garden, the Lion's Grove of leaky windows are fully embodied in this feature. As for Chinese gardens in the bridge, it is even more rich and colorful form, in the world of architectural art. The most prominent examples are the seventeen-hole bridge and the jade belt bridge in the Summer Palace in Beijing. Each of them has its own vivid and chic shape, which decorates the scenery of the Summer Palace even more touching. In addition, the Wuting Bridge at the Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, and the corridor bridge at the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou are another style, which has become one of the most eye-catching landscapes in these gardens.

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