The Style and Characteristics of Lu You's Poetry in Song Poetry

The middle and late Southern Song Dynasty is another peak period of Song poetry development, emerging "Zhongxing four poets", "Yongjia four souls", and a large number of Jianghu Poetry School, poetry is different from the Jiangxi Poetry School of the Song Dynasty and close to the Tang Dynasty. The strong voice of Southern Song poetry was sung by Lu You, who was good at melancholy, and there were Yang Wanli, who was good at writing "living method" poems, Fan Chengda, who was famous for his idyllic poems, and Liu Kezhuang, who was an accomplished poet of the Jianghu School, etc. Some of them wrote bold and unrestrained poems, and some of them wrote "four spirits of Yongjia". Some of them wrote heroic and tragic poems full of patriotic spirit, some were good at integrating the spirit of nature and the interest of life, and some pursued changes in poetry and style, which made the beauty of Song poetry appear more diverse and rich.

The Iron Horse and the Ice River come into the dream

Lu You's poetry is a peak in the development of patriotic literature in the Song Dynasty, which is mainly manifested in the infinite concern for the fate of the country, and the love for the motherland's land, its people, and its historical and cultural traditions. Even in his dreams, he longed for the restoration of the Central Plains and the opportunity to glorify the victory. The contradiction between this desire and the reality of the political situation made him produce very tragic feelings, and his patriotic fervor never fails.

Lu You (1125-1210), the word service view, the number of release, Shanyin (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) people. He was born in the second year of the Jingkang disaster, in the war he moved with his family to many places, and only returned to his hometown of Shanyin at the age of nine, and tasted the pain of displacement. In the 23rd year of Shaoxing (1153), he went to Lin'an to take the provincial examination, but was disqualified because he was ranked ahead of Qin Ocarina, the grandson of Qin Hui, who was employed only after his death. In the twenty-eighth year of Shaoxing (1158), Lu You was appointed as the chief bookkeeper of Ningde County in Fujian Province, and two years later he was transferred back to Lin'an, where he successively served as an official of the Royal Edicts and as an editor of the Privy Council. During this period, he actively supported Zhang Joon's northern expedition, and after the defeat of Fu Li, he wrote to the court again and again, opposing the peace negotiations. In the second year of the Qian Dao (1166), he was dismissed from his official position for the crime of "making friends with the advisers, advocating right and wrong, and trying to persuade Zhang Joon to use military force", and he returned to Shanyin, where he stayed at home for four years. Qian Dao six years (1170), he went to Fengjie, Sichuan Province, Kui Prefect, a year later was appointed as the Sichuan Missionary Secretary dry office and prosecutor. In the eighth year of the Qian Dao (1172), he arrived at Nanzheng from Kui Zhou, and spent eight months in Hanzhong in military life. This had a great influence on his poetry, and he said that he had gained the "poets' samadhi" from then on, and titled his own collection of poems "Jiannan Poetry Drafts" to commemorate the occasion. Chunxi five years (1178), he was transferred back to Lin'an by order, was summoned by Emperor Xiaozong of Song, but the court did not reuse him, but sent him to Fujian, Jiangxi to do two terms of Changping Tea and Salt Minister, and then was idle. He lived an idyllic life like a hermit in his hometown in Shanyin for about twenty years. Jia Tai two years (1202), the court issued an imperial edict to employ Lu You, at this time he was already seventy-eight years old, but still resolutely out of the mountain, to support Han 侂胄主持的开禧北伐, which was subjected to a lot of criticism. Jiading three years (1210), eighty-five-year-old Lu You died of grief, in the two months before his death, he also made a "show children" poem: "death originally know all things are empty, but sadness does not see the same nine states. The king's division north of the Central Plains day, the family sacrifice without forgetting to tell Naiweng!"

Lu You is the most prolific poet among ancient writers, with more than 9,200 poems surviving today. In his early years, he studied under the famous Jiangxi School poet Zeng Gui, whose "In Memory of Zeng Wenqing Gong to Professor Zhao" said, "I remember hearing about the poem in Chashan, and I personally got it from the midnight." What is this mystery? He said in "Gift to Ying Xiu Cai", "I got a turn of phrase from Tea Mountain, and I must not refer to dead sentences in my articles." Avoid referring to dead sentences, that is to say, to realize the "living method". He learned the ancients of the poetry method, to their own lives to find the inspiration of the poem, that kung fu in the poem outside. From the Jiangxi School of Poetry, but not from the Jiangxi School of Poetry, is Lu You's early poetic creation of the characteristics. His poems in the Jiangxi School of Poetry were fresh and fluent without being thin and hard, and they were plain and raw. For example, "Touring Shanxi Village":

Don't laugh at the farmer's house, the wine is muddy, and in the year of abundance, the guests are full of chicken and dolphin. The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on some of the most popular products and services in the world. From now on, if you are free to ride the moon, the door of the crutches at night.

This is a poem that exudes a strong local flavor of the chronicle of the tour, there is an appreciation of the simplicity of the countryside, but also in the mountains *** on the peaks and peaks of the description of the scenery, but also implies that things grow and change, and the darkness of the philosophy of the flowers. With the fresh and natural language, flowing round and beautiful as a bullet in the style and stand alone, thus differentiating themselves from the general author of the Jiangxi School of Poetry.

The peak of Lu You's poetic creation was after he arrived in Kui Zhou in his middle age, and the roaming and short-term military life before and after his entry into Shu fueled the poet's bold personality. He was good at drawing poetic feelings from the boiling social life and getting creative inspiration from the bustling scenes. He said in the "September 1 night reading poetry manuscripts feel the writing of the song":

Forty from the military in Nanzheng, sound feast in the army night even days. I've been playing soccer for 1,000 paces, and I've got 30,000 horses in the stables. The lights were all over the building, and the hairpin danced in the light. The pipa strings were in a hurry, the hail was in a mess, and the capricorn drummers were even with the wind and rain. Poets suddenly see before, Qu Jia in the eyes of the Yuan all the time. The sky is the limit for me, and the cut is not a knife.

During this period, Lu You was full of enthusiasm to serve the country, he had to Wang Yan Chen aggressive policy, "thought the strategy of the Central Plains, must start from Chang'an; take Chang'an must start from the right side of the dragon." But there is no result, so it will be sent to the voice of grief and indignation, especially for the talent, a diarrhea of the writing style. Such as "the night of March 17, drunken":

The year before last, chopping whales on the East China Sea, white waves such as the mountains to send heroism. Last year, I shot a tiger in the fall of Nanshan Mountain, and the night returned to the snow full of sable fur. Who knows that the wine can still be crazy, take off his hat to people when shouting. The heart is not yet pacified before the destruction of the enemy, and the lonely sword clangs at the bedside. The first time I saw this was when I was a kid, and it was the first time I had ever seen a kid in my life.

This magnificent atmosphere, to destroy the enemy to serve the country's poetry, occupied the main part of Lu You's poetry in the middle of the creation, especially those who wrote his tassel no way, failed to work, full of grief and indignation of the heroic style. He was a poet with a warrior's feeling, and was not willing to use the pen instead of the sword, his "Jianmen Road in the rain" cloud:

Clothes on the dust and wine marks, traveled nowhere without soul. The body is a poet, but not yet? The first time I saw this is when I was a kid, and I was a kid, and I was a kid.

This poem was written on the way back to Chengdu from Nanzheng, the front line of the fight against the Jin Dynasty, with a self-deprecating nature, because the warriors were on the donkey, and only the poets rode the donkey. There are many stories of poets riding donkeys in history, and Lu You, with his heroic spirit, often wanted to make a difference by fighting the enemy, and was unwilling to take the name of poet alone.

From the age of sixty-five, he returned to Shanyin, and died at the age of eighty-five, most of his later life was spent in the countryside of Shanyin. The calm and peaceful life has become the most common subject of his poems, and his style tends to be leisurely and indifferent, but the patriotic thought and the spirit of positive struggle continue to be preserved, and there is no lack of works of tragic style. For example, he wrote Autumn Night, Dawn at the Gate of a Hedge, Feeling of Coolness:

Thirty thousand miles of the river flows eastward into the sea, and five thousand rens of land rise up to the heavens. The people who are left behind are in tears in the dust of Hu, looking south to the king's division for another year.

November 4, Wind and Rain:

Lying in a lonely village at the dead end, I am still thinking of garrisoning Luntai for my country. The wind and rain are blowing in the dead of the night, and the iron horse and the icy river are coming into the dream.

From these two Lu You's sixty-eight years of age in the works written in Shanyin, it is not difficult to appreciate his determination to fight the enemy, the impassioned spirit, as well as the old and unfailing patriotism *** and heroic style.

Good for the sadness is the most notable feature of Lu You's poetry, or sorrowful expression of the people of the fallen areas of the desire to recover, or reproach the ministers of the main and faction of the sell-out of the motherland, or accuse the surrender faction of the rejection of the resistance generals, the evil of the state affairs, or to express the revenge for the country to snow, the restoration of the lost territories of the long-cherished wish. For example, "Guanshan Yue":

Fifteen years after the edict of Hirong, the general did not fight on the border. The Zhu Men were heavy with songs and dances, and the stables were fat with dead bows and broken strings. The garrison building is a difficult fight to destroy the falling moon, twenty from the army now gray hair. Who knows the heart of the brave soldiers in the flute? The sandy head shines on the bones of the conscripts. The Central Plains have also heard of the war in the past, but there is no such thing as a rebellious beard that is passed on to the descendants! The people who are left behind will endure death and look forward to recovery, and a few of them will shed tears this night.

This poem adopts the old theme of the music of the Border Plateau as a theme to develop, cleverly focusing on the "Guan", "mountain" and "moon" organization of the poem, from the south of the Guanshan Mountains to the north of the Guanshan Mountains, denouncing the dynasty's central and central government, the Chinese government and the Chinese people, and the Chinese people. The poem is written from the south of Guanshan Mountain to the north of Guanshan Mountain, denouncing the pandering behavior of the "and Rongzhao" in the middle of the dynasty and expressing the grief and indignation of the patriotic heroes, which is highly generalized and artistically contagious, and deserves to be called the masterpiece of Lu You's Seven Ancient Writings.

Lu You's poetry is also quite a lot of grief and anger, he intends to learn from the Du poetry of the stream of exquisite workmanship and majestic TengYue, to show the broad and majestic thought and emotion, God complete gas thick and bold and rich. His "Sickness Book Huai" cloud:

Sick bone detachment gauze cap wide, the lonely minister ten thousand miles away from the Jianggan. I have not dared to forget the country, but I have to wait for the whole coffin. The gods of heaven and earth to help the temple and society, the capital of the father and mother look and Luang. The first time I saw the movie, I saw the movie, and I saw the movie, and I saw the movie, and I saw the movie, and I saw the movie, and I saw the movie.

Sentimental, grief and indignation, written by the momentum of the downward spiral, the mood of the integration, the contrast is stable and natural rounding, which can be said to be the main feature of the creation of Lu You's seven-character law. This can be said to be the main feature of Lu You's composition in seven-character lines. For example, "Night Mooring in a Water Village":

The feathered arrows at his waist have been withering away for a long time, and his breath has not yet been drawn. The old man can still end up in the desert, why would you even cry in the new pavilion. I remembered the place where I moored my boat in the river and lake, and I heard the new geese falling in the cold.

The Book of Indignation:

Early in life, I knew that the world was hard, and the Central Plains looked northward as if it were a mountain. The building boat night snow Guazhou ferry, iron horse autumn wind Dasan pass. The Great Wall on the Plateau is empty, and in the mirror the temples have already been spotted. The "Master of the Division" is a table of the real name of the world, a thousand years, who can be between the two?

Lu You in the history of poetry has "ancient and modern poetic first" reputation, he made poems generally seldom use the remote canon, the main energy on the arrangement of the middle four lines, usually a scene, a link, in the scene of a link has a lot of good sentences. Such as "book indignation" in the "building boat night snow Guazhou ferry, iron horse autumn wind Dasan pass"; then "Lin'an spring rain first clearing" in the "small building one night to listen to the spring rain, the deep alleys selling apricot blossoms tomorrow morning"; and "Shen garden" in the "sad bridge under the spring waves Green, was once the shadow of the amazing goose". These verses are neatly matched and have a natural flow of tone, which can be used as a couplet to be pasted next to the door during the Spring Festival. Because he paid too much attention to the "arrangement of good couplets", so that the poetic overlap, the sentence style is too much, inevitably repeated the suspicion of repetition.

Lu You in his later years wrote a large number of light and elegant style of stanzas, many daily encounters, common scenes, once his description and chanting, all present a fresh and unique flavor, very far taste, and spare God. As in "Autumn Xing":

The frost is so bleak that several branches are red, and the stone is withered and not full of clumps. Butterflies come and go, and people are in the silence.

Autumn Thoughts:

Sapium sebiferum and chrysanthemums are blooming, and the sky is high and the wind is sending the geese. The poem is also like a quick knife, cut the autumn light into the volume.

The fourth part of the "Boat Touring Near the Village House":

The slanting sun and the ancient willows of Zhaojiajiazhuang, the blind man with the drum is making a scene. The first time I saw this was when I was a kid, and it was the first time I'd ever seen a kid in my life.

The creation of Lu You's stanzas is characterized by his ability to chew out the meaningful flavor of daily life, to understand the twists and turns of the current scene, and to write in a light and delicate, concise and natural, and understandable as words. He also gave more play to the Song people's characteristic of good discussion, and expressed his feelings in the stanzas, such as "Returning to the Village at Night with the Memories of the Old Man Dugu Jingliu": "Returning to the village in the middle of the night with a drunkard, the moon in the western mountains shines on the wood doorway. After Liu Kun's death, there were no strange men, so I listened to the deserted chickens alone with tears all over my clothes." The patriotic thoughts are expressed in simple and fluent language, with simple words and deep meaning, with the characteristics of prose culture. But these are Lu You's poems in a different tone.