What are the national characteristics of Old Town of Lijiang?

Lijiang is a city with many ethnic minorities, mainly Naxi, and it has two obvious characteristics from the ancient city:

1. The ancient city is bordered by Xiangmian Mountain in the north, Lion Mountain in the west and Wenbi Mountain in the south, with verdant peaks like a screen. It is famous for not building city walls, and the hereditary toast of Gulidong is named Mu. If a city wall is built, add the word "because" to the word "because", so there is no city wall in the ancient city. Yuquan water gushes from the Black Dragon Pool in the northeast of the city, divides along the street, passes through the house, and is clear all year round. It has a plateau water city style of "every household has a rising sun and flowing water". Residential buildings and streets are surrounded by mountains and rivers, which are simple and natural. The location of the city makes full use of the geographical environment. The streets and courtyards are planted with flowers and trees, which is known as "Li County never likes to plant trees, and the ancient city has no households and no flowers". The road is paved with Lijiang specialty colored stone slabs, and there are stone arch bridges above the streams, with small bridges facing the waves and winding paths leading to secluded places. There is no mud in rainy season and no dust in dry season. At that time, the streets of Lijiang were a dirt field, with mud knee-deep in rainy season and sandstorms everywhere in dry season. In the Ming Dynasty, the Tusi excavated the Xihe River, using the terrain of high in the west and low in the east, manually controlled the movable slate, regularly introduced the Xihe River into the river, and washed the streets paved with five flowers and stones to keep the city clean. In the Qing Dynasty, the East River was dug and the water in the middle reaches was introduced into the city. Sanshui entered the city in this way, passing through the streets and lanes, divided into countless small canals, connected with Tanquan, forming a water system as dense as a spider web and covering Jincheng. There is a landscape of "flowing water in front of every house, weeping willows brushing the eaves". Where there is water, there are bridges, including more than 70 single-hole, double-hole, three-hole and porous bridges. Many stone arch bridges were carefully designed and built by skilled craftsmen hired by Naxi chieftain from the mainland in Ming Dynasty, which has ornamental value and high practicability. The center of Lijiang City is Sifang Street, which has been a gathering place for business travel, prosperous business and festivals since ancient times. There are many Ming and Qing buildings in the city, all of which are well preserved. There are refuge hall, Black Dragon Pool, Wufenglou, Deyuelou, Suocui Bridge, Jiefang Forest, Wooden Tusi House and ancient houses, which are the treasures of ancient urban construction in China. Imitating the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty, the Tusi House of the Mu family has dozens of courtyards, including three halls, a temple, ten stacks, and the "Royal Garden" of Lion Mountain, with a grand scale and magnificent halls, covering an area of 400,000 square meters. The houses of ordinary people, with three sides and one wall, many east doors, spacious halls and corridors, generous patios, doors and windows carved with flowers and birds, are full of cultural atmosphere, which embodies the artistic attainments and aesthetic taste of Naxi people. Known as "Gusu Plateau" and "Venice Plateau".

2. Naxi folk houses are mostly civil structures, and the common forms are: three squares and one wall, four entrances and five exits, patios, front and rear courtyards, one hospital and two houses. Among them, room ratio is the most basic and common residential form of Naxi nationality in Lijiang. Structurally, the main room and one side are generally higher, facing south and facing the wall. Mainly for the elderly; The east and west rooms are slightly lower, for the next generation to live in; Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there is a house facing the street, residents will use it as a pavement. Rural houses with three rooms and one wall are slightly different from towns in function. Generally speaking, three squares have two floors. The main square facing east and the wing square facing south live downstairs, and the upstairs is used as a warehouse. The square facing north is used as the stable downstairs, and the forage is stored upstairs. The patio is not only used for living, but also for production (such as drying millet or processing grain), so the patio in rural areas is slightly larger and the ground is relatively flat, so there is no masonry. In addition, the most striking feature of Naxi folk houses is that there is a spacious mansion (that is, an veranda) in front of every house, regardless of urban and rural areas. Xia Zi is one of the important parts of the Naxi folk houses in Lijiang, which is inseparable from Lijiang's pleasant climate. So Naxi people moved some functions of the room, such as eating and meeting guests, to the mansion. As far as architectural design, architectural style and art are concerned, the Naxi folk houses in Dayan ancient city are the most distinctive. The ancient city is located on Lijiang Dam, with Xiangshan and Jinghong Mountains in the north and Lion Mountain in the west, and the east and west sides are cheerful and vast. In the city, Yuquan water flowing from the foot of Xiangshan flows from the northwest of the ancient city to the foot of Yulong Bridge, which is divided into three tributaries: Xihe River, Zhonghe River and Donghe River, and then divided into numerous tributaries, which flow through the streets of the ancient city. Taking advantage of this favorable natural condition, the streets of the ancient city are neatly and freely arranged into an informal grid, with the main street near the river, the alleys near the canal, the roads extending with the bend of the canal, and the houses being combined according to the height of the terrain. Among these houses, the houses facing the street are mostly paved, or the owners manage some small commodities themselves or sublet them to others. For a long time, the Naxi people have formed a fine tradition of advocating nature and culture, and being good at learning and absorbing advanced cultures of other nationalities. This tradition has had a great influence on the art of residential architecture. It is manifested in the following aspects: distinctive features of residential buildings, construction according to local conditions, simple and vivid modeling and exquisite and elegant decoration. In addition, Naxi people have always paid attention to seismic performance in architectural design, and summarized some effective seismic structural measures. This is from 1996 "2? In the 3 "earthquake, a large number of residential walls collapsed in the ancient city, but the main frame was intact.